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Journal ArticleDOI

Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review

01 Jan 2008-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews (Pergamon)-Vol. 12, Iss: 1, pp 116-140
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Citations
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25 Aug 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed and validated a model describing sludge flow in a continuous paddle dryer by a Markov chain, coupled with the penetration theory, describing heat transfer by conduction and water vaporization in an agitated packing.
Abstract: Sewage sludge can be dried in paddle dryers and turned into an interesting material for energetic valorization. Matching the necessary water content at the end of the drying process for the different valorization pathways could lead to significant energy savings. However, the influence of operating conditions on process efficiency has not been studied extensively, and sludge rheology remains a scientific issue when it comes to mechanistic flow modeling. We thus developed and validated a model describing sludge flow in a continuous paddle dryer by a Markov chain. This flow model was coupled with the penetration theory, describing heat-transfer by conduction and water vaporization in an agitated packing. Both models are time-discretized and allow simulating water content and temperature profiles along the dryer at steady-state. The simulations are in good agreement with experimental water content profiles obtained on a lab-scale paddle dryer, with no adjustable parameters. Two approaches for estimating contact area between sludge and heated parts of the dryer are then compared. Our model better describes experimental data when the contact area is calculated in each cell rather than when it is considered constant and proportional to sludge holdup in the dryer. However, this latter approach could be of practical importance for simulations of large-scale installation.

5 citations


Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."

  • ...Storage and hygiene issues, as well as landfilling limitation, contribute to make drying a necessary step in sewage sludge treatment and valorization [1]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors quantified synthetic microfiber emissions and fate from apparel washing in California by developing a material flow model which connects California-specific data on synthetic fiber consumption, apparel washing, micro-fiber generation, and wastewater and biosolid management practices.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results showed that the sludge was with higher levels of Mn and Zn, followed by Cu and Ni, while the higher toxicity of Pb and Cr was lower.
Abstract: The leaching tests of heavy metals in industrial sewage sludge were carried out under different pH of extractant by the solid waste extraction procedure for leaching toxicity (GB5086.2-1997) of China on the base of the contents and fractions of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mn and Ni elements. The results showed that the sludge was with higher levels of Mn and Zn, followed by Cu and Ni, while the higher toxicity of Pb and Cr was lower. The fractions of different elements in the sewage sludge had very different forms. The potential migration and biological toxicity were a concern for the active forms of Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr because their active proportions were more than 50%. The pH of extraction solutions had an important impact on the leaching of heavy metals in sewage sludge. The largest concentrations of Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu were appeared when the pH of extractant was about 7, but that of Fe had a greater fluctuation at the same pH. The concentrations of heavy metals had very different at different pH values, which may be related with the process of adsorption/desorption, complexation/dissociation, the dissolution/precipitation/co-precipitation and other chemical reactions in the extractant process.

5 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: The applicability of sewage sludge fertilizer for agricultural purposes in arid and semi-arid region has been investigated largely in past few years as a way to manage the huge amount of sludge generated every year and to counteract the rise in price and necessity of chemical fertilizers as discussed by the authors .
Abstract: Sludge is an imminent byproduct of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plant. Accelerated growth of population, urbanization, and industrialization intensifies wastewater generation and thereby sludge production, which is a major concern in many developing and developed countries. Sewage sludge, generated from wastewater treatment plant, is rich in organics, macro- and micronutrients, which constructs the idea of utilizing it for fertilizer production. The applicability of sewage sludge fertilizer for agricultural purposes in arid and semiarid region has been investigated largely in past few years as a way to manage the huge amount of sludge generated every year and to counteract the rise in price and necessity of chemical fertilizers. However, there are certain constrains due to the presence of harmful constituents such as, pathogens and heavy metals. This chapter comprehends global and Indian scenario of sludge production, types of sludge that can be used for fertilizer production, their application, and both adverse and beneficial environmental effects for utilizing sludge as fertilizer. Moreover, fertilizer production from sewage sludge promotes the emerging concept of circular bioeconomy by bringing the waste material into mainstream economy.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of a waste-to-resource strategy by using incineration ash of sewage/waste-water treatment sludge as part of the raw materials for ceramic processing was explored.
Abstract: BACKGROUND This study explored the feasibility of a waste to resource strategy by using incineration ash of sewage/waste-water treatment sludge as part of the raw materials for ceramic processing. Reactions between metal oxides (CuO, ZnO), common metal containing form in incineration ash, and kaolinite based ceramic raw materials (kaolinite, mullite) were observed. The metal incorporation behavior was determined using quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis. RESULTS The optimal sintering temperature for copper incorporation was 1000°C, with CuAl2O4 phase dominating the system. For zinc incorporation, ZnAl2O4 and Zn2SiO4 formed in competition, with ZnAl2O4 found to predominate at temperatures higher than 1150°C. To determine the preferred phases for long-term metal stability, a prolonged toxicity characteristic leaching procedure was carried out to quantify metal leaching performance and explore the leaching behavior. Metal leaching following incorporation in spinel leachates was significantly lower than those in oxide and silicate leachates, and the surface leaching behavior was also analyzed for the consideration of long-term metal stability. CONCLUSION The overall results indicate that spinel formation is a preferred metal stabilization mechanism when incorporating sludge incineration ash into ceramic products and is also a key control step to safely implement this waste to resource strategy for a more sustainable engineering solution. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

5 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.

10,518 citations


"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....

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Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.

3,826 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.

1,026 citations


"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....

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  • ...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....

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  • ...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.

530 citations