Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
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115 citations
Cites background or methods from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...…of the best methods of sewage sludge disposal is incineration since it achieves large 212 reduction of volume, odor minimization and thermal destruction of toxic organic compounds 213 (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Khiari et al., 2004), leaving approximately 30% of the solid remain 214 as SSA....
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...SSA has been used to manufacture bricks, to incorporate into concrete mixtures and as a 215 fine aggregate in mortar (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008)....
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115 citations
114 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...Several analytical methods for the determination of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs have been developed and their presence has been widely assessed in surface water, sediments, and wastewater [4, 9, 10], revealing relevant levels of these compounds....
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113 citations
113 citations
References
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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530 citations