Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors determined the influence of liming on the process of pyrolysis and found that limed sludge released the maximum amount of carbon -55.46 %, while sludge without liming from WWTP Sviadnov released only 48.92%.
Abstract: The aim of this work was to determine the influence of liming on the process of pyrolysis. Three samples of sludge from two wastewater treatment plants were selected for this study on pyrolysis: sludge without liming and limed sludge from the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ostrava and sludge from the Wastewater Treatment Plant in Sviadnov. The samples had different content of calcite (CaCO3). The limed sludge contained 7% of CaCO3, sludge without liming 3.8% and sludge without liming from WWTP Sviadnov contained 0.5% of calcite. The results of laboratory pyrolysis proved that limed sludge released the maximum amount of carbon – 55.46 %, while sludge without liming from WWTP Sviadnov released only 48.92%. Calcite produces during its decomposition CaO and the product influences the pyrolysis process because it supports cracking of volatile organic compounds
3 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...Sludge contains organic compounds with a high content of volatile components and can thus be transformed into an exploitable source of energy (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Hossain et al., 2009; Sánchez et al., 2009)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the traditional method of sludge disposal as landfill, incineration, ocean emissions, compared to today's more stringent of environmental standards is clearly inappropriate; currently sludge recycling processes such as pyrolysis oil technology, fuel system technology, thermal Preparation of sorbent technology solutions are better resources and technology, are able to take full advantage of the high organic matter content of the sludge characteristics, not only a way to solve the problem of silt, also produce a lot of useful material, to achieve waste Po, in line with its sustainable development strategy
Abstract: Sludge on the ecological environment and human health dangers of long-term potential, the disposal of sludge should focus harmless, resources and energy of. The traditional method of sludge disposal as landfill, incineration, ocean emissions, compared to today's more stringent of environmental standards is clearly inappropriate; currently sludge recycling processes such as pyrolysis oil technology, fuel system technology, thermal Preparation of sorbent technology solutions are better resources and technology, are able to take full advantage of the high organic matter content of the sludge characteristics, not only a way to solve the problem of sludge, also produce a lot of useful material, to achieve waste Po, in line with its sustainable development strategy is conducive to the establishment of recycling economy.
3 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The aim of this paper is to generalise the general theory of location-routing optimisation through the introduction of further issues: the convenience of a centralised treatment facility to reduce the sludge to a dry mass after preliminary onsite dewatering.
Abstract: The general theory of location-routing optimisation, a class of locational analysis that considers vehicle routing issues, has been applied in the last decade to a large number of problems. Traditionally optimal wastewater and sludge management has been limited to the determination of the shortest path between sources and disposal facilities, which can be attained through the solution of a typical travelling salesman problem. The aim of this paper is to generalise this approach through the introduction of further issues: the convenience of a centralised treatment facility to reduce the sludge to a dry mass after preliminary onsite dewatering, the influence of different costs and/or prices on the optimisation task if the sludge is deposited in sanitary landfills (or disposed of in other ways) or is partially used as a fuel in suitable industrial processes, the modification of the shortest path approach into a full vehicle routing problem by assigning weights to the links between nodes of the network not necessarily equal to their distances.
3 citations
TL;DR: It was determined that the synthetic gas obtained by gasification of a mixture of sludge and wood pellets contains a great concentration of solid particles, which leads to the total collection efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator being only about 60%.
3 citations
TL;DR: Results showed that inorganic P (IP) was the primary P fraction in the secondary sludge and digested sludge, in which non-apatite IP (NAIP) amounted to 91.6% and 69.3% of total IP, respectively.
Abstract: The species and bio-availability of phosphorus (P) in primary, secondary and digested sludge were fractionated and further analyzed in this study. Results showed that inorganic P (IP) was the primary P fraction in the secondary sludge and digested sludge, in which non-apatite IP (NAIP) amounted to 91.6% and 69.3% of total IP, respectively. Organic P (OP), accounting for about 71.7% of total P (TP), was the dominant P composition in primary sludge. The content of bio-available P was about 9.7, 43.4, 29.8 mg-P/g-TS in primary sludge, secondary sludge and digested sludge, respectively, suggesting secondary sludge is the optimal choice when land application of sewage sludge is taken into consideration, followed by digested sludge and primary sludge. Polyphosphate and orthophosphate, comprising approximately 54.3% and 89.2% of TP, were the dominant P species in the secondary sludge and digested sludge, respectively. Monoester-P (54.6% of TP in extract) and diesterP (24.1%) were identified as OP species in primary sludge by Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (PNMR). The present results would be helpful for P recovery and recycling from sewage sludge in wastewater treatment plants.
3 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...(1) influent, (2) grid, (3) primary settling tank, (4) aeration tank, (5) secondary settling tank, (6) sludge concentration tank, (7) digestion tank, (8) sludge dewatering, (9) effluent, (10) sludge disposal...
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...Generally, P content in sewage sludge accounts for about 0.3-4.8% of total solid (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations