Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of using combination of polyaluminum chloride and biomass as additives on the possible improvement of the dehydration performance (evaluated via water content of oily sludge) of oil sludge and on the yield of pyrolysis oil at 723 K were investigated.
Abstract: The focus of the research is the minimizing amount of oil sludge via dehydration. The effects of using combination of polyaluminum chloride and biomass as additives on the possible improvement of the dehydration performance (evaluated via water content of oily sludge) of oil sludge and on the yield of pyrolysis oil at 723 K were investigated. The main influencing factors of dehydration considered in the experiment are biomass species and dosage, temperature, and flocculation time. The water content of oily sludge was significantly reduced when biomass ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 wt% on dosage ratio. The best phase dehydration performance was obtained from Apricot shell of 0.5 wt% at 313–323 K at flocculate time of 30–40 min, while the highest recovery percent of pyrolysis oil (33.54%) was obtained from Walnut shell of 1.0 wt%. The results indicate that the positive effects of the biomass in oily sludge on the improvement of dehydration performance and on recovery rate of the pyrolysis oil were observed. The m...
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article , an analysis of the risk of environmental contamination in the case of application of sewage sludge with different forms of sludge treatment was carried out, based on the comparison of total metal content in sludge and soil, as well as RAC and ERD indices, which take into account the mobility of metals in soil.
Abstract: More and more attention in sewage sludge management is being devoted to its environmental utilization. This approach is justified both from economic and environmental points of view. However, as with any method, there are certain possibilities and limitations. The goal of the natural utilization of sewage sludge is to recover the valuable agronomic properties and fertilizing potential of the sludge. The main aspect limiting the possibility of using sludge as a fertilizer is the heavy metal content. In this paper, an analysis of the risk of environmental contamination in the case of application of sewage sludge with different forms of sludge treatment was carried out. Risk indices such as Igeo and PERI, based on the comparison of total metal content in sludge and soil, as well as RAC and ERD indices, which take into account the mobility of metals in soil, were calculated. It was shown that high levels of potential risk and geoaccumulation indicators do not necessarily disqualify the use of sewage sludge, the key aspect is the form of mobility in which the heavy metals are found in the sludge, and this should be the only aspect taken into account for the possibility of their environmental use.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the potential use of sewage sludge as construction material by producing an artificial lightweight aggregate (ALWA) and cement replacement material Fine dry sludge (FDS) and sewage sudge ash (SSA) were used as raw materials for ALWA production.
Abstract: Due to urban development worldwide, disposing sewage sludge (SS) has become a major concern for many countries SS produced from the New Waste Water Treatment Plant (NWWTP) in Nicosia has not been used for soil application as it was planned since late 2013 due to absence of legislations regarding this route This issue has been and still a major concern for of Nicosia Turkish Municipality and its society for many years This study investigates the potential use of SS as construction material by producing an artificial lightweight aggregate (ALWA) and cement replacement material Fine dry sludge (FDS) and sewage sludge ash (SSA) were used as raw materials for ALWA production FDS was incinerated at 850 °C for 1 and 2 h to produce SSA1 and SSA2, respectively Both SSA1 and SSA2 were mixed separately with FDS in different proportions and incinerated at 1100 °C to produce lightweight aggregate AG1 and AG2, respectively Potential use of SSA1 and SSA2 as cement replacement materials was assessed by measuring the Pozzolanic activity of both ashes throughout physical and chemical tests It was found out that increasing amount of FDS reduced specific gravity of AG1 and AG2, while increasing amount SSA in the mix improved the surface texture and increased the specific gravity of both AG1 and AG2 Results also indicated that both SSA1 and SSA2 have Pozzolanic properties based in all tests performed Therefore, using sewage sludge produced from the NWWTP in Nicosia as a sustainable construction material is potential and this could extend the disposal route of the sludge and resolve the accumulation problem in Nicosia
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the best proper feeding waste combination/combinations of miscellaneous industrial sewage sludges in a down draft fluidized bed pilot-scale gasification reactor to maximize energy recovery was determined.
Abstract: Limited information is available about energy efficiency evaluation of industrial sewage sludge gasification nowadays. The goal of this study is to determine the best proper feeding waste combination/combinations of miscellaneous industrial sewage sludges in a down draft fluidized bed pilot-scale gasification reactor to maximize energy recovery. Different industrial sewage sludge samples were taken from dewatering units of wastewater treatment plants of textile, dairy, vegetable and non-vegetable oil, glass and metal industries, located in Thrace Region of Turkey (Thrace Catchment of Area) and characterized in terms of three important indicator parameters (moisture, ash and heating value) for identifying the best feeding waste combination of the reactor which has high gasification efficiency. In addition, the same parameters were also analysed for the char and cyclone dust samples that occurred as a result of gasification process, and then, energy yields of all industrial sewage sludge combinations have been calculated. Results revealed that the majority of sludge samples, apart from metal and glass industries, were found suitable for gasification process in terms of both organic and inorganic contents either alone or in mixture form. The heating value and ash content of vegetable and non-vegetable oil industrial sewage sludge were measured approximately two times higher (average 11,622 kcal.kg−1 = 48 MJ.kg−1 for oil and average 5163 kcal.kg−1 = 21.6 MJ.kg−1 for dairy) and nearly in the same values (average 9.3% for oil and 9.5% for dairy) compared to dairy industrial sewage sludge, respectively. According to these results, four feeding sludge combinations were determined based on their ash content and heating values. It was found that Combination 1, which has high calorific value and low ash ratio, has the highest energy efficiency (97%), while the other combinations were found below this value. If the proper sludge combination can be identified for a draft fluidized bed gasification reactor, energy efficiency may be increased. Moreover, identifying the best feeding combination for sludge gasification reactor may be the best way to obtain both high energy recovery and low char/tar products and to also minimize industrial sewage sludge before being sent to landfill.
3 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...Fytili and Zabaniotou (2008) reviewed the methods for the utilization of sewage sludge including thermal processes (e.g., pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel....
[...]
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, specific conditions of incineration in cement kilns allow for maintaining emission standards and process requirements for the production of clinker, which is consistent with the principles of sustainable development and introduction of closed matter circulation.
Abstract: The basic aim of efficient sewage sludge management is to use technologies that ensure maximal utilization of the potential of raw material resources and energy. This chapter presents the analysis of specific properties of sewage sludge, allowing for its use in the process of cocombustion in cement kilns. Due to its energy properties, sewage sludge represents a valuable alternative compared to conventional fuels. Substitution of conventional fuels with alternative fuels results in a substantial reduction in the fuel emissions of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, with its chemical composition, sewage sludge represents a potential source of raw materials for clinker production, thus limiting the demand for natural fossil fuels. As results show from previous studies in this area, specific conditions of incineration in cement kilns allow for maintaining emission standards and process requirements for the production of clinker. This method of sewage sludge utilization allows for reaching integrated environmental benefits through a more effective and environmentally friendly treatment combined with protection of natural resources, which is consistent with the principles of sustainable development and introduction of closed matter circulation.
3 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
[...]
Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
[...]
...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
[...]
...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations