Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
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Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...RDF and sewage sludge (SS) have been among the alternative fuel options.(6) RDF has a calorific value which is about 17 MJ/kg(7) that is Received: 29 November 2018 Revised: 12 June 2019 Accepted: 16 June 2019...
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...In addition to incineration, mainly cocombustion and usage in agriculture, and to a lesser extent other processes such as wet oxidation, pyrolysis, and gasification also have become emerging trends for sludge management.(6) Hossain et al(21) pyrolyzed wastewater sludge to produce biochar and examined the effects of the pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties....
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...It is reported that 37% of the generated SS is used in agriculture which has become the most principal disposal method; 11% is incinerated as alternative energy source; 40% is landfill, and 12% is used in several areas such as silviculture, forestry, and land reclamation.(6) Environmental concerns force the municipalities to reuse and recover SS instead of landfilling....
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Dissertation•
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a solution to solve the problem of homonymity in homonym identification, i.e., homonym-based homonymization of homonyms.
Abstract: ................................................................................................................................................. iv
3 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...…sludge as a fuel, a product that could offer an environmentally and financially beneficial solution for disposal-oriented faecal sludge management, while replacing the energy from fossil fuels which are in fast depletion (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008, Rose et al., 2015, Muspratt et al., 2014b)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of gamma irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge (SSGI and SSNI, respectively) on essential oil (EO) content and composition of Ocimum basilicum L. was evaluated.
Abstract: Background: The increasing amount of sewage sludge (SS) and more legislative regulation of its disposal have stimulated the need for developing new technologies including gamma irradiation to recycle SS efficiently. Objective: To evaluate the effects of gamma irradiated and non-irradiated SS (SSGI and SSNI, respectively) on essential oil (EO) content and composition of Ocimum basilicum L. Methods: A greenhouse experiment was conducted with 15, 30, and 60 g kg-1 of SS irradiated with absorbed doses of 5, 10, and 20 kGy gamma-ray and soil without SS and irradiation as the control treatment. The essential oil was isolated by hydro-distillation and analyzed by Gas chromatography and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Results: The applications of SSGI and SSNI at all levels except 15 g kg-1 significantly enhanced EO content compared to the control. The using of 60 g kg-1 SS in each absorbed dose significantly reduced EO yield relative to the control, while it was significantly increased under 15 and 30 g kg-1 SSNI and SSGI. Also, in 60 g SS kg-1, the restriction effects on EO yield were mitigated with increasing the absorbed dose of gamma-ray, but it was insignificant with increasing absorbed dose to 10 and 20 relative to 5 kGy. The methyl chavicol as a major constituent of EO was significantly increased in SSGI and SSNI as compared with the control. However, the increment in the methyl chavicol content was not significant between the treatments ≥ 30 g kg-1 SSGI or SSNI and 15 g kg-1 SS at absorbed dose of ≥10 kGy. Conclusion: To improve essential oil content and composition, application of ≤ 30 g kg-1 sewage sludge with 5 kGy absorbed dose of gamma-ray can be suggested at similar conditions.
3 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...The SS is produced by wastewater treatment processes (WWTPs), where solids and liquids are separated [2]....
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TL;DR: In this article, an integrated material-flow strategy was proposed to make full use of sewage sludge by combining its clean transformation with cement manufacture and petrochemical synthesis, where the organic components in sludge were converted to syngas with tunable H2/CO molar ratios, while the remaining inorganic components were used to prepare eco-friendly cement clinkers.
Abstract: The municipal wastewater treatment sector requires sustainable management of sewage sludge to fundamentally contribute to building zero-waste cities. Herein, we propose an integrated material-flow strategy to make full use of sewage sludge by combining its clean transformation with cement manufacture and petrochemical synthesis. Based on the multi-stage thermochemical conversion process which could effectively reduce the emission of carbonaceous pollutants, the organic components in sludge are converted to syngas with tunable H2/CO molar ratios, while the remaining inorganic components are used to prepare eco-friendly cement clinkers. Under the conditions investigated in this study, 8.9 kmol of syngas with a gross H2/CO molar ratio of 1.7 and 1.9 tonnes of cement clinkers with a sludge-ash replacement ratio of 30.9% can be produced from one tonne of dried raw sewage sludge. The proposed strategy allows sewage sludge to be an alternative feedstock, partially replacing natural resources, to produce petrochemicals and cementitious materials, offering a new pathway to cross-sectoral synergy among municipal wastewater treatment, cement manufacture and petrochemical synthesis.
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations