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Journal ArticleDOI

Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review

01 Jan 2008-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews (Pergamon)-Vol. 12, Iss: 1, pp 116-140
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , residual moisture typical for industrially dried sludge (10 wt%) was allowed to react within the pyrolysis process by incorporating it into the carrier gas (consisting finally of 70 vol% steam and 30 vol% He).

1 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
24 Jun 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal decomposition kinetics of sewage sludge were investigated by means of non-isothermal TG at different heating rates of 5 K ·min−1, 10 K·min− 1, 15 K · min−1 and 20 K · m−1.
Abstract: The thermal decomposition kinetics of sewage sludge was investigated by means of non-isothermal TG at different heating rates of 5 K·min−1, 10 K·min−1, 15 K·min−1, 20 K·min−1 and 30 K·min−1. The non-isothermal kinetic parameters and mechanical functions were analyzed by means of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa equation and Coats-Redfern equation. Before and after DTG peak, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Coats-Redfern were used to determine the kinetic parameters. Before and after DTG peak, E α→0 =102.17 kJ·mol−1, 88.17 kJ·mol−1 respectively. Before DTG peak, the most probable kinetic function was No.3 G-B Equation, and the corresponding mechanism was controlled by Three-Dimensional Diffusion (cylindrical symmetry). The apparent activation energy and the pre-exponential constant (A) were E β→0 =107.44KJ·mol−1, lnA β→0 =12.64 respectively. After DTG peak, the most probable kinetic function was No.13 Avrami-Erofeev Equation (n=4), and the corresponding mechanism was controlled by random nuclear producing and growing process. The apparent activation energy and the pre-exponential constant (A) were E β→0 =88.34 KJ·mol−1, lnA β→0 =14.25 respectively.

1 citations

Dissertation
27 Jun 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, Electro-Fenton disinfection and electrokinetics combined with biocide treatment were investigated to achieve Class A biosolids, which is particularly beneficial for sludge thickened with iron containing coagulant.
Abstract: Beneficial use of biosolids (sludge), generated by municipal wastewater treatment plant, requires adequate disinfection before its land application. Traditional methods for sludge disinfection are either time consuming or cost demanded. To overcome the drawbacks, novel technologies which uses electrical field phenomena, were proposed to achieve Class A biosolids. Electro-Fenton disinfection and electrokinetics combined with biocide treatment were investigated in this thesis. The lab scale results demonstrated better effectiveness of Electro-Fenton disinfection than Fenton oxidation. Class A quality of biosolids (with 5.8 log reduction) has been achieved within 30 min when Electro-Fenton system was applied in presence of H2O2 (30%). It was found that technological parameters such as pH, current, hydrogen peroxide concentration, total solids content, ratios of Fe2+/H2O2 influenced effectiveness of sludge disinfection. The results showed that electrokinetic phenomena combined with biocide achieved faster disinfection efficiency reaching log 7.2 fecal coliform reduction within 30 to 50 min while the internal temperature rose to 40℃ only. Then, an optimization of current, as well as biocide dosage were conducted in this study. Scale up of the system has also demonstrated an effective sludge disinfection. The study showed that both systems can be applied to WAS (or potentially to other types of sludge) to convert it to Class A biosolids. The systems are particularly beneficial for sludge thickened with iron containing coagulant. The novel technologies produce fertilizing materials which are safe for environment and public health when landfarming.

1 citations


Cites methods from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."

  • ...Incineration is even faster sludge treatment, however, high operational costs and the transformation of heavy metals into fly ash are still limiting factors for using this method (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008)....

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01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the data of gaseous, particulate matter and odors emissions produced in the sintering of clay/sewage sludge ceramic pieces were analyzed and the main guidelines to be followed by any implementation of industrial ceramic plants to be respectful with the environment rules are proposed.
Abstract: Numerous research reported in the scientific literature show the feasibility of inerting sewage sludge in ceramic matrices as structural or red ceramic material for construction. However, its industrial implementation is hampered by a social rejection from the environmental movements. Is this process an undercovered waste incineration or rather a pyrolysis process with reduced environmental impact? If there are countless incinerators, why does the manufacturing process of clay bricks with sewage sludge have legislative difficulties and generates numerous social conflicts? This study analyzes the data of gaseous, particulate matter and odors emissions produced in the sintering of clay/sewage sludge ceramic pieces. According to laboratory tests, VOC emissions for the clay/sludge material were in general higher than those from conventional ceramics. However, no VOC exceeded the threshold limit values and only a few compounds showed concentrations that exceeded their odor detection threshold. Besides, three inorganic pollutants exceeded the maximum levels (NOx, suspended particles and HCl). In a test at industrial level, the most important emissions were those of CO (1100 mg/Nm3), TOC (1085 mg/Nm3) and HCl (71 mg/Nm3). Finally, from this experience, the main guidelines to be followed by any implementation of industrial ceramic plants to be respectful with the environment rules are proposed.

1 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.

10,518 citations


"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....

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Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.

3,826 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.

1,026 citations


"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....

    [...]

  • ...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....

    [...]

  • ...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.

530 citations