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Journal ArticleDOI

Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review

01 Jan 2008-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews (Pergamon)-Vol. 12, Iss: 1, pp 116-140
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the characteristics of two conventional treatment systems of sewage sludge production to estimate contamination removal efficiency and compare them with two conventional wastewater treatment systems for the same purpose.
Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate the characteristics of two conventional treatment systems of sewage sludge production to estimate contamination removal efficiency and compare...

1 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
03 Nov 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the published research in this field: it covers the means of production, the characteristics and the potential applications of LWA made from sewage sludge and other waste.
Abstract: Lots of sewage sludge are generated each year as more wastewater treatment plants appeared in nowadays. How to disposal and utilize sewage sludge has become an urgent problem need to solved. The imposition of more stringent regulations about disposal and utilization of sewage sludge caused some of the traditional methods have been limited, so prompted a drive for alternative uses for sewage sludge. Many researchers have recognized sewage sludge as a resource with much potential for beneficial reuse other than direct disposal. Because the silicon and aluminum-rich characteristics, the dried sludge also exhibits significant specific surface area and cation exchange capacity. Therefore production of lightweight aggregate using dried sludge is a new effective approach for disposal of sludge. This paper seeks to review the published research in this field: it covers the means of production, the characteristics and the potential applications of LWA made from sewage sludge and other waste.

1 citations


Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."

  • ...Moreover, incineration is both expensive and it gives rise to significant quantities of potentially hazardous ash [9]....

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Dissertation
19 Sep 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the use of SPA for tar sampling in the gasification of sewage sludge and compare this sampling system with the traditional traditional sampling in a real gasification plant.
Abstract: La gasificacion es una tecnologia que produce una fuente de energia renovable mediante la aplicacion del gas generado en turbinas o motores. Sin embargo uno de los mayores problemas es la reduccion de los altos niveles de alquitranes presentes en el gas de gasificacion. El analisis de los alquitranes es de gran interes dado que determina la limpieza y aplicacion del gas. El muestreo clasico de alquitranes se ha venido realizando mediante borboteadores con un disolvente organico; sin embargo,debido a la complejidad de este sistema de muestreo se han buscado alternativas como los cartuchos de adsorcion en fase solida (SPA). Los objetivos del trabajo son evaluar la utilizacion de SPA para el muestreo de alquitranes y compararlos con el sistema de muestreo tradicional en una planta de gasificacion de lodos de depuradora. Se eligieron 4 clases de cartuchos comerciales determinandose que el mas adecuado para el muestreo y analisis de alquitranes eran los cartuchos SupelcleanTM ENVI-Carb/NH2. Se determino que la capacidad es superior a los niveles de alquitranes esperados. Se determino que la presencia de agua, H2S y NH3 en el gas no altera su capacidad de retencion aunque la presencia de hidrogeno y metano puede alterar la capacidad de retencion de los compuestos volatiles. Se encontro que ambas metodologias producian resultados analogos para los alquitranes totales y BTX, mientras que para los PAH’s se obtienen mayores concentraciones con cartuchos excepto cuando la concentracion es estos compuestos en el gas de gasificacion es baja. El calculo de incertidumbres determino que la incertidumbre asociada al muestreo con cartuchos es menor. Ademas, la utilizacion de SPA implica un muestreo mas sencillo, mayor rapidez en la toma de muestras y obtencion de resultados, menor consumo de disolventes y menor coste por muestra. [ABSTRACT] Gasification technology can produce renewable energy using the gasification gas in turbines or engines. Nevertheless, the application of this technology in power markets is limited by the high levels of tar present in the gasification gas. The analysis of tar is very important because it determines the gas cleaning steps and the gas application. Tar sampling has been performed traditionally using a series of impinger bottles filled with an organic solvent, but because its drawbacks, other sampling strategies are being studied such as solid-phase adsorption (SPA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the utilization of SPA for tar sampling in the gasification of sewage sludge and to compare this sampling system with the traditional tar sampling in a real gasification plant. To evaluate the utilization of SPA to tar sampling, four commercial cartridges were selected, and it was determined that the most suitable for sampling and analysis of tars were SupelcleanTM ENVI-Carb/NH2 cartridges. The capacity of the cartridges was evaluated showing that it is higher than the concentration tar level expected. No significant differences were observed in the retention capacity when water, ammonia or hydrogen sulphide in the gas stream were present but the presence of hydrogen and methane in the gas decreased the retention capacity of volatile compounds. The performance of both analytical methodologies was compared. Both methodologies yield similar results for total tar and BTX while higher levels of PAH’s were obtained when using cartridges except when their concentration in the gasification gas was low. The uncertainty associated with the SPA is lower than the uncertainty associated with impinger tar sampling system for the majority of the compounds analysed and the use of SPA for tar sampling is easier, faster, decreases the volume of solvent used and reduce the cost per sample.

1 citations


Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."

  • ...Pese a que un factor decisivo puede ser el país o la región donde se producen los lodos [43], como norma general se puede decir que tienen, frente a otros combustibles como carbón y madera, una alta proporción de agua, una gran proporción de materia volátil (que puede llegar a alcanzar el 90 % en base seca), una gran cantidad de cenizas (aproximadamente del 50 % en base seca) y un gran contenido en nitrógeno (puede ser mayor del 9% en base seca) [32, 38, 41-43, 46-50]....

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  • ...Como se ha comentado anteriormente, los lodos pueden llegar a tener un poder calorífico similar al del carbón [46], sin embargo este hecho dependerá de su composición que a su vez depende de muchos factores....

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Journal ArticleDOI
15 Sep 2022-Agronomy
TL;DR: A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of carbon amendments, tillage, and cover cropping on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi association and root architecture at Texas A&M University as discussed by the authors .
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of carbon amendments, tillage, and cover cropping on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) association and root architecture at Farm Services at Texas A&M University. Three levels of carbon amendments at the rate of 500 kg C ha−1 (biochar, composted biosolid, and control (no carbon amendment)), two levels of tillage (conventional disking (CT) and no tillage (NT)), and two levels of cover crop (a mixture of oat, mustard, and pea (CC) and no cover crop (NCC)) were arranged in a split-split plot design with four replications. Over a two-year crop sequence of corn followed by cotton, AMF colonization of roots was 4.43% greater in biochar-treated soil than in the control treatment. Colonization in cotton was 5.17% and 6.09% greater under NT and CC treatments, respectively, compared to CT and NCC. Carbon amendments did not alter corn root length but did alter root angle at 20–30 cm. Carbon amendments did not affect root angle under CC. However, tillage did affect CC root length and angle. Root length and root angle were found to differ among the cover crop species. The results imply that farmers may combine certain practices to optimize and harness the benefits of AMF.

1 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that only environmentally safe construction biomaterials and biotechnologies should be used for such environmental and geotechnical engineering works as control of the seepage in the levees, landfills, tunnels, channels, and the ponds; prevention of soil erosion and soil dust emission; mitigation of soil liquefaction; and immobilization of soil pollutants.
Abstract: Production and application of some bio-based construction materials and processes can be unsafe for environment and human health. For example, most popular processes of soil biocementation, biogrouting, biodesaturation, bioaggregation, and biocoating are based on the precipitation of calcium carbonate using a mixture of calcium salt, urea, and not-safe alive urease-producing bacteria. It is accompanied by release of toxic ammonia to air and ammonium and hydroxide ions to water. Enzymatic hydrolysis of urea and binding of releasing ammonia can be used to make this biotechnology safer. Another way is application of more environment-friendly materials and processes, for example, biotechnologies based on precipitation of hydroxyapatite, decay of calcium bicarbonate, or aerobic oxidation of calcium or ferric salts of organic acids. Only environmentally safe construction biomaterials and biotechnologies should be used for such environmental and geotechnical engineering works as control of the seepage in the levees, landfills, tunnels, channels, and the ponds; prevention of soil erosion and soil dust emission; mitigation of soil liquefaction; and immobilization of soil pollutants.

1 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.

10,518 citations


"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....

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Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.

3,826 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.

1,026 citations


"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....

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  • ...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....

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  • ...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.

530 citations