Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
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06 Jul 2014
TL;DR: In this work, a neural control scheme to regulate carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emissions for a solid waste incinerator is proposed and a recurrent high order neural network (RHONN) is proposed, which is trained with an extended Kaiman filter (EKF) algorithm.
Abstract: In this work, a neural control scheme to regulate carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emissions for a solid waste incinerator is proposed. Carbon monoxide emissions are avoided by oxygen regulation in the incinerator; nevertheless nitrogen oxides emissions are difficult to control because the sludge composition varies continuously. The air flow is selected to be the control input because it have a great influence in CO and NO x formation. The air flow can guarantee a complete combustion and therefore, a good incineration quality because it avoids pollutant formation. In order to obtain the sludge combustion model, it is proposed to use a recurrent high order neural network (RHONN), which is trained with an extended Kaiman filter (EKF) algorithm. The proposed neural controler performance is illustrated via simulations.
1 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...Incineration offers advantages over traditional methods for sludge disposal among which are large reduction of sludge volume, thermal destruction of toxic compounds, and the minimization of odor generation, among others, [2]....
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TL;DR: This study of the desorption characteristics of PO3- 4 and NH+ 4 in sludge-based biochar provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent utilization ofSludge- based biochar.
Abstract: It is effective to adsorb phosphate and ammonium from water by sludge-based biochar, while the desorption performance has not been studied systematically. Biochar in this study was prepared through...
1 citations
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this article, a discussion of the most common solutions has been presented and a case study on composting and vermicomposting of biosolids and biodegradable waste is presented.
Abstract: Municipal wastewater treatment produces significant quantities of biosolids, which needs to be managed with respect to the environment, according to the EU and national legislations. In last years, biosolids became a major environmental issue due to increased production, lack of sustainable solutions, and public concern about environmental and food safety. The problem is even more pronounced because of different strategies for management taken up by each country and different disposal methods. In this review chapter, a discussion of the most common solutions has been presented. Conventional methods, such as incineration and landfilling, are currently not very well accepted, while the sludge is rich in organic materials and nutrients and could be used as a fertilizer with appropriate treatment method. In addition, the aerobic and anaerobic digestions are well situated in almost all EU countries and ensure sanitation of the biosolids and significant reduction of heavy metals and greenhouse gas emissions in the resulting by-product, making them environmentally friendly and acceptable by the population. Finally, a case study on composting and vermicomposting of biosolids and biodegradable waste is presented.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors analyzed the combustion emissions of the wet producer gas from gasification, which includes fuel-NO precursors, sulfur components, and tar species up to a size of C11.
1 citations
10 Dec 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the environmental impacts of common waste to energy (WTE) technologies by Wooten and Rau matrix and found that anaerobic digestion could be most environmental friendly WTE technology for production of renewable energy from organic waste and could be considered.
Abstract: Introduction: Current energy sources are coming to end and one of the main priorities of the country’s management is the energy recovery from renewable energy. Considerable quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most serious urban pollution sources. Impact assessment matrix is a new and fast tool for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
Materials and Methods: In this regard, renewable energy like waste-to-energy was investigated. Environmental assessment method was performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of common Waste to Energy (WTE) technologies by Wooten and Rau matrix. Most available WTE technologies (anaerobic digestion, sanitary landfill with gas recovery, waste incineration, and gasification) were environmentally assessed and compared.
Results: Results showed that anaerobic digestion could be most environmental friendly WTE technology for production of renewable energy from organic waste and could be considered. Furthermore, executives as green minded managements can improve the quality of waste management by finding new solutions. Other technologies such as landfill by gas recovery and gasification will be ranked second and third in terms of environmental effect.
Conclusion: Results showed that performing anaerobic digestion technology will produce less environmental impact in long term. Then landfilling by gas recovery and gasification technologies will be ranked second and third in terms of environmental effect.
1 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations