Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
Citations
89 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...The P-fertilizer quality of sewage sludge has in some cases been found to be as good as mineral P-fertilizers but especially the use of Al-, Fe- and Ca-based precipitation chemicals can reduce the P fertilizer quality (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Kahiluoto et al., 2015; Krogstad et al., 2005; Richardson et al., 2011; Singh and Agrawal, 2008; Suciu et al., 2015)....
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...…byproduct from municipal wastewater treatment which can be considered as a valuable by-product or as a problematic waste, depending on local politics, available handling options, and the quality of the MSS (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Hukari et al., 2016; Kelessidis and Stasinakis, 2012)....
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...For this reason, composting or direct application of MSS on farm soil or in landscaping has been practiced intensively in the past (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008)....
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...2 developments in the knowledge about the potential harmful effects of this practice related to food production and ground water quality (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Krüger et al., 2014)....
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...…to be as good as mineral P-fertilizers but especially the use of Al-, Fe- and Ca-based precipitation chemicals can reduce the P fertilizer quality (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Kahiluoto et al., 2015; Krogstad et al., 2005; Richardson et al., 2011; Singh and Agrawal, 2008; Suciu et al., 2015)....
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89 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...Also, the difficulty and cost of disposal of the sludges associated with the typical aerobic wastewater treatment processes requires more creative solutions (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Rulkens, 2008; Murray et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2010)....
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88 citations
88 citations
88 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...Using conventional technologies, sludge is typically generated at a rate of 1 dry ton/10,000 person equivalents (79)....
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References
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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3,826 citations
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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530 citations