Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
Citations
445 citations
429 citations
417 citations
402 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...MSS can be extensively used in cement manufacturing as a cheap alternative energy resource (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008) with substantial energy and environmental savings due to reduced CO2 emissions....
[...]
...Extensive research was focused on MSS pyrolysis in fixed – fluid bed and rotary kiln reactors (Shen and Zhang, 2002; Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Manara and Zabaniotou, 2012; Shinogi and Kanri, 2003)....
[...]
...%) content, thus consuming most of the thermal process energy (Aggelakis et al., 2005; Dennis et al., 2005; Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Werle and Wilk, 2010; Manara and Zabaniotou, 2012)....
[...]
...Recent extensive reviews (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Manara and Zabaniotou, 2012) of the current literature on the effective sludge valorisation considered various available technologies including: anaerobic digestion, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification and wet oxidation....
[...]
...However, the consequence of dewatering/drying prior to thermal processing is on energy balances and increasing the costs although, thermal valorisation processes are generally considered to be as energy self-sufficient (Khiari et al., 2004; Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Manara and Zabaniotou, 2012)....
[...]
396 citations
References
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
[...]
3,826 citations
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
[...]
...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
[...]
...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
[...]
530 citations