Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the equilibrium isotherm behaviors of heavy metal resins in acetic acid media were investigated and compared to the Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) model.
55 citations
TL;DR: Reactivity of sewage sludge biochar maintained after several uses, which provides an advantage for using as a permeable reactive barrier to remediate groundwater pollution and among the four endpoint impact categories in the life cycle assessment (LCA), human health is the highest concern, whereas ecosystem quality is the least.
55 citations
TL;DR: The potential applications of the as-prepared nanomaterials in the fields of pollutant degradation and electrochemical energy storage and conversion are reviewed in this paper, and the synergistically enhanced performances between the asynthesized nanometrics and the specific small inorganic molecular or metal oxides in sewage sludge are discussed.
Abstract: Sewage sludge, the major by-product of wastewater treatment plants, is defined as a pollutant by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The increasing production of sewage sludge worldwide and the imposition of more stringent regulations, together with the restriction of traditional options for sewage sludge disposal, have prompted new approaches for the cost-effective and environmentally benign treatment and reuse of sewage sludge. This paper seeks to review the published research on the development and applications of sewage sludge-based functional nanomaterials. The production methods of nanomaterials are illuminated, and the textural properties of the as-prepared nanomaterials are summarized. The potential applications of the as-prepared nanomaterials in the fields of pollutant degradation and electrochemical energy storage and conversion are reviewed. The synergistically enhanced performances between the as-synthesized nanomaterials and the specific small inorganic molecular or metal oxides in sewage sludge are discussed. Furthermore, the future opportunities and challenges in this emerging research area of designing functional nanomaterials from sewage sludge are addressed.
55 citations
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this article, an overview of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process in WWTP is given, along with standard energy performances, nutrient recycling and different process options and their impacts.
Abstract: This report deals with anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge, an energyand nutrient-rich by-product of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The objective is to promote sustainable practices and technology, focussing on energy efficiency of biogas production and utilisation. An overview of the AD process in WWTP is given, along with standard energy performances, nutrient recycling and different process options and their impacts. It is not intended as a detailed technical guideline for project managment. The report is aimed at energy policy and decision makers as well as WWTP operators and was produced by IEA Bioenergy Task 37, an expert working group that addresses challenges related to the economic and environmental sustainability of biogas production and utilisation. Sustainable biogas production in municipal wastewater treatment plants
54 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of the results against existing regulatory and proposed thresholds suggested that levels are mostly below the limits set in the Sewage Sludge Directive, and proposed new limits for sludge used in agriculture.
54 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations