Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the yield and adsorption uptake of optimized paper sludge activated carbon (PSAC) prepared using potassium fluoride as alternative chemical activation agent and found that the PSAC was functionalized with ethylenediamine (FPSAC).
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of existing literature on emissions and emission factors, and present region-specific estimates of N2O emissions and their past and future trends is presented. But the authors argue that more research is needed to improve emission factors.
39 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...disposed to sea) [50,52]....
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...In contrast, in Denmark, France, Belgium, Germany and USA approximately 15–25% of the produced sludge is incinerated [50,52]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the recovery potential of major waste flows in the global paper life cycle to support improvements in material use and identify the potential for extracting value from waste through recycling and other forms of recovery.
Abstract: Waste from the global paper life cycle can be a lost economic opportunity and a risk to the natural environment and human health. This study assesses the recovery potential of major waste flows in the global paper life cycle to support improvements in material use. The “recovery potential” indicator shows the technical possibility for extracting value from waste through recycling and other forms of recovery. The potential is identified through a review of recovery technologies that are currently applied or likely to be commercially available by the year 2050. The analysis compares current material use in the global paper life cycle with an ideal scenario in which the recovery potential of all major waste flows is fulfilled. In the ideal scenario, the Recycled Input Ratio (RIR) is increased from 38% to 67%–73% and the landfill intensity is reduced from 331–473 kg/t paper to 0–2.6 kg/t paper. The reduction in required landfill space is achieved mainly through increased consumer waste recycling. Better management of industrial waste from the paper sector has a rather limited impact on the RIR and landfill intensity. The conditions for successful recovery of waste are discussed separately. The analysis shows that the recovery potential indicator can be usefully applied to estimate potential improvements in complex material systems and the findings may inform policies for resource efficiency and the circular economy.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influences of sludge feed rate, feed point, feed method, and air-staged combustion were systematically investigated in a Chinese cement plant with emphasis on NOX removal.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the combustive feasibility of sludge coal water slurry (SCWS) in a commercial circulating fluidized bed incinerator, and on the emission characteristics of the inorganic and organic contaminants in the flue gas during the combustion of SCWS were investigated.
Abstract: This study focused on the combustive feasibility of Sludge-coal water slurry (SCWS) in a commercial circulating fluidized bed incinerator, and on the emission characteristics of the inorganic and organic contaminants in the flue gas during the combustion of SCWS. The results showed the flue gases emitted contained nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur oxides (SO x ), PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs during the combustion of SCWS in different mixture ratio (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%). When the ratio of sludge increased, the concentration of NO x increased and the concentration of SO x decreased, while no significant changes were found for the other inorganic gases. The ∑PAHs concentration range was from 2.0015 μg/m 3 (0%) to 9.7064 μg/m 3 (30%), Low molecular weight PAHs (two or three rings) were the main component in flue gases in all proportions. The maximal value of the PCB concentration was 1.7852 μg/m 3 (20%), while the minimal value was 0.6191 μg/m 3 (0%), all PCBs are mainly low rings. The I-TEQ content of PCDD/Fs increased slightly with increasing of the ratio, but it was still less than that (0.12382 ng/m 3 ) of CSW burning alone. In general, the total PCDD/Fs of 10%–30% ratio does not exceed 0.1 ng/m 3 of EU standards. Therefore, the combustion of sludge coal water slurry is feasible, comparing emission of PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs with flue gas emission standards, the best ratio of SCWS is 20%–30%.
39 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations