Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the potential applications of coal gasification for hydrogen and syngas production from biomass, including composition, conditioning, and upgrading, giving an idea of the wide range of technologies that can be coupled to biomass gasification.
Abstract: Gasification is the most likely technology to be implemented for hydrogen and syngas production from biomass in the short- to medium-term. The main reason for this readiness is the huge expertise gathered in developed coal gasification. However, its industrial application is still hampered due to some drawbacks that need to be overcome. This chapter reviews biomass gasification in depth. Different feedstock and their availability, the process and underlying chemistry, and technology available and under development are addressed. In addition, syngas technology, including composition, conditioning, and upgrading, is thoroughly described, giving an idea of the wide range of technologies that can be coupled to biomass gasification.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal conversion characteristics, interactive effects and reaction kinetics during co-pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and four typical lignocellulosic biomasses (peanut vine- PV, wheat straw- WS, cotton stalks- CS and sawdust- SD) were comparatively investigated based on thermogravimetric analysis.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the results of the experiments that were conducted on the air gasification of dried sewage sludge in a newly developed two-stage gasifier were reported, and the total amount of tar that was reduced was 6-fold when activated carbon was used in the upper reactor of the gasifier.
Abstract: The production of sewage sludge in South Korea is continually increasing. Until now, much of the sewage sludge in the country has been disposed of by dumping it into the ocean, which the London Convention wants stopped. Therefore, new sewage sludge treatment methods should be sought. Sewage sludge can be energetically utilized through gasification, which produces combustible gases such as H2, CO, and CH4. During the gasification of a biomass, however, a large amount of tar is also formed. In this paper we report the results of the experiments that were conducted on the air gasification of dried sewage sludge in a newly developed two-stage gasifier. In such experiments, activated carbon was applied to reduce the tar components of the producer gas. The total amount of tar that was reduced was 6-fold when activated carbon was used in the upper reactor of the gasifier. The effects of the reaction conditions, such as the reaction temperature and the equivalence ratio, on the gas composition were also investiga...
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TL;DR: Two major thermal degradation peaks of sludge were determined during the microwave pyrolysis process, one at 325-498K (most of the water was vaporized, and the weight loss was over 85wt.%) and the other at 548-898K for sludge constituent decomposition.
37 citations
TL;DR: S sewage sludge stabilized with steelmaking slag could be used in agriculture, applied at rates based on sludge's Kjeldahl-N content and crop's demand for N, however, potential environmental impacts must also be considered.
37 citations
Cites background or methods from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...However, these risks depend on sludge’s composition and are usually associated with heavy application rates of sewage sludge to soils (Clapp et al., 1994; De Brouwere and Smolders, 2006; Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008)....
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...In the chemical treatment, the most common method for effective sludge stabilization is the addition of hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2], at a concentration sufficient to raise sludge’s pH above 12 for a minimum period of two hours (lime stabilization) (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations