Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
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TL;DR: It is suggested that vermicomposting with additive UPL can alleviate the phytotoxicity of HMs in SS and provides a new method for simultaneously recycling SS and UPL.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a torrefied rice stalk (TRS) was pre-treated using torrefaction in a fixed-bed reactor at 200, 240, and 280 °C, respectively.
Abstract: The rice stalk (RS) was pretreated using torrefaction in a fixed-bed reactor at 200, 240, and 280 °C, respectively. The torrefied rice stalk (TRS) was liquefied in a batch autoclave with supercritical ethanol as the medium at 325 °C and 14–15 MPa for a residence time of 60 min to obtain bio-oil. The TRS was analyzed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed from SEM results that the compact, uniform, and lamellar structure of RS was broken down, whereas the FTIR and chemical composition analysis results showed that the thermal decomposition of hemicellulose was the main reaction that occurred between 200 and 280 °C. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results showed that the bio-oil obtained from TRS at a temperature of 200 °C had the highest ester content of 30.60% and the lowest acid content of 0.35% and also the alcohols of bio-oil reached the maximum value of 20.56% at a temperature of 240 °C. The water content slightly decrease...
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the co-combustion characteristics of municipal sewage sludge and bituminous coal in air and O2/CO2 atmospheres were assessed by using a thermogravimetric analysis approach between heating rates of 20 and 80 Kmin−1.
Abstract: The co-combustion characteristics of municipal sewage sludge and bituminous coal in air and O2/CO2 atmospheres were assessed by using a thermogravimetric analysis approach between heating rates of 20 and 80 K min−1. The combustion characteristics of sewage sludge/bituminous coal blend (50% blending ratio) in air were also compared with its oxy-fuel behavior. In air atmosphere, the ignition temperatures for sludge/coal blends were between those for their parent samples, which ranged from 238 to 418 °C. In O2/CO2 atmosphere with oxygen content of 30%, the ignition temperatures of 50%sewage sludge/50%coal blend were between 260 and 275 °C, which were less than those (268–280 °C) in air. The ignition and burnout indexes of the sample in 30%O2/70%CO2 atmosphere were very close to those in air. The temperatures with respect to maximum combustion rates of the 50%sewage sludge/50%coal blend in 40%O2/60%CO2 were lower than those in air. The average value of the activation energy for the 50%sewage sludge/50%coal blend in 30%O2/70%CO2 was less than that in air.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a review highlights an extensive description of the implementation of thermochemical technologies involving pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction for valorisation of sludge into bio-fuel.
24 citations
TL;DR: ICP-AES analyses reveal that almost none of the metals present in sludge or sludge/FC are transferred towards the liquid fractions, and the metals are enriched in the solid fractions.
24 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations