Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the methods for the recovery of different forms of phosphorus (wet chemical, thermochemical and electrodialysis) from solid products obtained from different sludge thermal treatment methods (incinerated sludge ash, pyrolysis of sewage sludge char and hydrochar).
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors reviewed the methods for the recovery of different forms of phosphorus (wet chemical, thermochemical and electrodialysis) from solid products obtained from different sludge thermal treatment methods (incinerated sludge ash, pyrolysis of sewage sludge char and hydrochar).
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, sludge from wastewater treatment plant was used as low-cost adsorbent to remove the dye Reactive Red 120 (RR 120) from an aqueous solution.
Abstract: Sludge from wastewater treatment plant was used as low-cost adsorbent to remove the dye Reactive Red 120 (RR 120) from an aqueous solution. Adsorbents were prepared through thermal (pyrolysis) and chemical treatment (functionalization with HNO3) of sewage sludge. Adsorbents were characterized through physical-chemical and textural analyses. The mesoporous nature of pyrolyzed sludge (PS) and functionalized slugde (FS) influenced the adsorption of RR 120. Moreover, adsorbents surface was rich mainly in carboxylic groups. Batch kinetic experiments were conducted on the statistical design elaborated with central composite rotational design under different pH (3.5–11.5) and temperature (30 °C–60 °C) to achieve the best operational conditions. The response surface methodology (RSM) indicated optimal dye removal efficiency above 94% and 98% at pH and temperature pairs of 3.5/60 °C and 5.4/60 °C for PS and FS, respectively. Kinetics data revealed that pseudo-second-order model better described the adsorption with 2.46 mg g−1 at pH 3.5 for PF and 2.61 mg g−1 at pH 5.4 for FS. Langmuir isotherm model was the best fitted to the adsorption equilibrium data with monolayer maximum adsorption capacities of 14.69 mg g−1 for PS and 46.81 mg g−1 for FS at optimal conditions. The positive ΔH° results indicated an endothermic process (4.73 kJ mol−1 and 8.02 kJ mol−1). Thus, it was concluded that the sewage sludge can be used as an alternative low-cost adsorbent in the removal of RR 120.
21 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a new activated carbon was produced from pulp and paper mill sludge as a low cost precursor via chemical activation by zinc chloride, which was successfully used for the adsorption of phenol and two of its derivatives, i.e. 2-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions.
Abstract: A new activated carbon was produced from pulp and paper mill sludge as a low cost precursor via chemical activation by zinc chloride. The activated carbon was successfully used for the adsorption of phenol and two of its derivatives, i.e. 2-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions. The characterization of the prepared activated carbon demonstrated high textural properties for the synthesized activated carbon. The results revealed the superior adsorption performance of the prepared activated carbon in this study compared to the commercial one. The effect of main affecting parameters such as pH, contact time, concentration and temperature on adsorption of phenolic compounds was experimentally investigated in discontinuous system. The adsorption capacities followed the order of 4-nitrophenol > 2-chlorophenol >phenol which was attributed to the property of substituent groups in their chemical structure. Among isotherm models used to describe experimental equilibrium data, the best match was obtained by Sips isotherm which revealed the heterogeneous behavior of the adsorption sites on the adsorbent surface. Kinetic study demonstrated that the adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Based on thermodynamic analysis, the negative values obtained for free Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy indicated spontaneous, exothermic and randomness behavior of the adsorption process, respectively.
21 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...Methods such as composting, incineration and land filling are severely restricted due to soil contamination, air pollution and space limitation, respectively[13]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a one-step direct process consisting of extraction of lipids from BSS and simultaneous transesterification of these lipids with methanol was investigated, and optimal conditions for this process were determined.
Abstract: Biodiesel production from blended sewage sludge (BSS) by a one-step direct process was investigated, and optimal conditions for this process were determined. The one-step direct process comprises extraction of lipids from BSS and simultaneous transesterification of these lipids with methanol. Among the organic solvents evaluated, pure methanol showed higher biodiesel yields compared with other solvents or solvent mixtures. The optimum conditions determined included 10 mL of methanol/g-BSS, 0.7% (g/g-BSS) of H2SO4, 60 °C, 4 h of reaction time and 300 rpm of agitation speed. Under these conditions, biodiesel yield was 3.1% (g-biodiesel/g-BSS), which was 63.2% higher than that obtained under initial conditions, and 24.0%-63.2% higher than those obtained in previous studies.
21 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations