Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity
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316 citations
Cites background from "Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mech..."
...Many viruses, in particular large doublestranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses, such as vaccinia virus, encode inhibitors of apoptosis (Smith et al., 2013)....
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Cites background from "Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mech..."
...VACV encodes an impressive variety of intracellular virus proteins that can inhibit the host signaling pathways for NF-kB and IRF-3 (for review, see Smith et al., 2013)....
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...VACV can efficiently antagonize the activity of interferons (IFNs), cytokines, chemokines, and innate immune signaling (for review, see Smith et al., 2013)....
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163 citations
References
4,231 citations
"Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mech..." refers methods in this paper
...Apart from the use of recombinant VACVs as live vaccines, these viruses are valuable research tools that have been used, for instance, to identify which virus antigens are recognized by CTLs (Yewdell et al., 1985; Bennink et al., 1986, 1987; McMichael et al., 1986; Osman et al., 1999) and to identify the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-receptor fusin (CXCR4) (Feng et al., 1996)....
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...…tools that have been used, for instance, to identify which virus antigens are recognized by CTLs (Yewdell et al., 1985; Bennink et al., 1986, 1987; McMichael et al., 1986; Osman et al., 1999) and to identify the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-receptor fusin (CXCR4) (Feng et al., 1996)....
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3,756 citations
"Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mech..." refers background in this paper
...TNF-a is the most studied member, and has been implicated in tumour regression, rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock and cachexia (Locksley et al., 2001)....
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"Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mech..." refers background in this paper
...NK cell activation depends on cytokines such as IFN-a, IFN-b, IL-12 and IL-18 but is mostly regulated by a repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors that integrate signals emanating from the surface of target cells (Lanier, 2005)....
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...In contrast, CD16, NKG2D and the natural cytotoxicity receptors NKp46, NKp44 and NKp30 are mostly involved in the activation of NK cells (Lanier, 2005)....
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