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Journal ArticleDOI

Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.

01 Jun 2013-Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)-Vol. 61, Iss: 6, pp 974-980
TL;DR: To determine the prevalence range for sarcopenic obesity and its relationship with sex, age, and ethnicity, a large number of patients with the condition are randomly assigned to receive either statins or statins.
Abstract: Objectives To determine the prevalence range for sarcopenic obesity and its relationship with sex, age, and ethnicity. Design Cross-sectional analysis of a population-based sample. Setting Noninstitutionalized persons in the United States participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999–2004. Participants Subsample of 4,984 subjects aged 60 and older with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition data. Measurements Eight definitions of sarcopenic obesity identified from six studies found using a systematic literature review (Baumgartner, Bouchard, Davison, Zoico, Levine, Kim-1,2,3) were applied to the sample. Results were stratified according to sex, age, and ethnicity. Results Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity ranged from 4.4% to 84.0% in men and from 3.6% to 94.0% in women. Prevalence was higher in men using definitions from Baumgartner (17.9% vs 13.3%, P < .001), Levine (14.2% vs 6.6%, P < .001), and Kim-1 (30.0% vs 9.3%, P < .001); lower for men using the Davison (4.4% vs 11.1%, P < .001) and Kim-2 (83.7% vs 94.0%) definitions; and the same for men and women using the Bouchard (45.3% vs 44.3%, P = .32) and Kim-3 (75.6% vs 77.0%, P = .51) definitions. For all but one definition, sarcopenic obesity increased with each decade and was lower in non-Hispanic blacks than whites. Conclusion Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in older adults varies up to 26-fold depending on current research definitions. Such a high degree of variability suggests the need to establish consensus criteria that can be reliably applied across clinical and research settings.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evolution, controversies and challenges in defining sarcopenic obesity are discussed, and current body composition modalities used to assess this condition are presented and current treatment strategies are outlined.
Abstract: The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength or physical function) is increasing in adults aged 65 years and older. A major subset of adults over the age of 65 is now classified as having sarcopenic obesity, a high-risk geriatric syndrome predominantly observed in an ageing population that is at risk of synergistic complications from both sarcopenia and obesity. This Review discusses pathways and mechanisms leading to muscle impairment in older adults with obesity. We explore sex-specific hormonal changes, inflammatory pathways and myocellular mechanisms leading to the development of sarcopenic obesity. We discuss the evolution, controversies and challenges in defining sarcopenic obesity and present current body composition modalities used to assess this condition. Epidemiological surveys form the basis of defining its prevalence and consequences beyond comorbidity and mortality. Current treatment strategies, and the evidence supporting them, are outlined, with a focus on calorie restriction, protein supplementation and aerobic and resistance exercises. We also describe weight loss-induced complications in patients with sarcopenic obesity that are relevant to clinical management. Finally, we review novel and potential future therapies including testosterone, selective androgen receptor modulators, myostatin inhibitors, ghrelin analogues, vitamin K and mesenchymal stem cell therapy.

756 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.

709 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This condition is proposed to be defined as "obese sarcopenia", to reflect the direction of the pathological pathway, and it is believed that AT inflammation dominates over skeletal muscle inflammation.

417 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Older women with sarcopenia have an increased all-cause mortality risk independent of obesity, and this group is a high-risk group with both disorders.
Abstract: Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and mortality in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III

352 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The implementation of effective and broadly applicable preventive and therapeutic interventions has become a medical and societal challenge for the growing number of older persons affected by sarcopenia and its disabling complications.
Abstract: Sarcopenia, operationally defined as the loss of muscle mass and muscle function, is a major health condition associated with ageing, and contributes to many components of public health at both the patient and the societal levels. Currently, no consensual definition of sarcopenia exists and therefore it is still a challenge to establish the actual prevalence of sarcopenia or to establish the direct and indirect impacts of sarcopenia on public health. Anyway, this geriatric syndrome represents a huge potential public health issue because of its multiple clinical and societal consequences. Moreover, all these aspects have an impact on healthcare costs both for the patient and the society. Therefore, the implementation of effective and broadly applicable preventive and therapeutic interventions has become a medical and societal challenge for the growing number of older persons affected by sarcopenia and its disabling complications.

298 citations


Cites background from "Variation in the prevalence of sarc..."

  • ...[24] compared eight definitions of sarcopenia and found a prevalence ranging from 4....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The method of classifying comorbidity provides a simple, readily applicable and valid method of estimating risk of death fromComorbid disease for use in longitudinal studies and further work in larger populations is still required to refine the approach.

39,961 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) developed a practical clinical definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for age-related sarcopenia as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) developed a practical clinical definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for age-related sarcopenia. EWGSOP included representatives from four participant organisations, i.e. the European Geriatric Medicine Society, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics-European Region and the International Association of Nutrition and Aging. These organisations endorsed the findings in the final document. The group met and addressed the following questions, using the medical literature to build evidence-based answers: (i) What is sarcopenia? (ii) What parameters define sarcopenia? (iii) What variables reflect these parameters, and what measurement tools and cut-off points can be used? (iv) How does sarcopenia relate to cachexia, frailty and sarcopenic obesity? For the diagnosis of sarcopenia, EWGSOP recommends using the presence of both low muscle mass + low muscle function (strength or performance). EWGSOP variously applies these characteristics to further define conceptual stages as 'presarcopenia', 'sarcopenia' and 'severe sarcopenia'. EWGSOP reviewed a wide range of tools that can be used to measure the specific variables of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Our paper summarises currently available data defining sarcopenia cut-off points by age and gender; suggests an algorithm for sarcopenia case finding in older individuals based on measurements of gait speed, grip strength and muscle mass; and presents a list of suggested primary and secondary outcome domains for research. Once an operational definition of sarcopenia is adopted and included in the mainstream of comprehensive geriatric assessment, the next steps are to define the natural course of sarcopenia and to develop and define effective treatment.

8,440 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2012-JAMA
TL;DR: In 2009-2010, the prevalence of obesity was 35.5% among adult men and 35.8% amongadult women, with no significant change compared with 2003-2008, and trends in BMI were similar to obesity trends.
Abstract: Results In 2009-2010 the age-adjusted mean BMI was 28.7 (95% CI, 28.3-29.1) for men and also 28.7 (95% CI, 28.4-29.0) for women. Median BMI was 27.8 (interquartile range [IQR], 24.7-31.7) for men and 27.3 (IQR, 23.3-32.7) for women. The age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 35.5% (95% CI, 31.9%-39.2%) among adult men and 35.8% (95% CI, 34.0%-37.7%) among adult women. Over the 12-year period from 1999 through 2010, obesity showed no significant increase among women overall (age- and race-adjusted annual change in odds ratio [AOR], 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03; P=.07), but increases were statistically significant for non-Hispanic black women (P=.04) and Mexican American women (P=.046). For men, there was a significant linear trend (AOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06; P.001) over the 12-year period. For both men and women, the most recent 2 years (2009-2010) did not differ significantly (P=.08 for men and P=.24 for women) from the previous 6 years (20032008). Trends in BMI were similar to obesity trends.

5,333 citations


"Variation in the prevalence of sarc..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The syndrome of sarcopenia has become more complex as obesity prevalence has increased to more than 35% in elderly adults.(3) Obesity is associated with medical comorbidity(4) and lower quality of life(5) and can exacerbate agerelated functional decline, leading to disability(6) and institutionalization....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Some of the first estimates of the extent of the public health problem posed by sarcopenia are provided, independent of ethnicity, age, morbidity, obesity, income, and health behaviors.
Abstract: Muscle mass decreases with age, leading to "sarcopenia," or low relative muscle mass, in elderly people. Sarcopenia is believed to be associated with metabolic, physiologic, and functional impairments and disability. Methods of estimating the prevalence of sarcopenia and its associated risks in elderly populations are lacking. Data from a population-based survey of 883 elderly Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men and women living in New Mexico (the New Mexico Elder Health Survey, 1993-1995) were analyzed to develop a method for estimating the prevalence of sarcopenia. An anthropometric equation for predicting appendicular skeletal muscle mass was developed from a random subsample (n = 199) of participants and was extended to the total sample. Sarcopenia was defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg)/height2 (m2) being less than two standard deviations below the mean of a young reference group. Prevalences increased from 13-24% in persons under 70 years of age to >50% in persons over 80 years of age, and were slightly greater in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites. Sarcopenia was significantly associated with self-reported physical disability in both men and women, independent of ethnicity, age, morbidity, obesity, income, and health behaviors. This study provides some of the first estimates of the extent of the public health problem posed by sarcopenia.

3,478 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To establish the prevalence of sarc Openia in older Americans and to test the hypothesis that sarcopenia is related to functional impairment and physical disability in older persons is established.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To establish the prevalence of sarcopenia in older Americans and to test the hypothesis that sarcope- nia is related to functional impairment and physical dis- ability in older persons. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Nationally representative cross-sectional sur- vey using data from the Third National Health and Nutri- tion Examination Survey (NHANES III). PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen thousand eight hundred eigh- teen adult NHANES III participants aged 18 and older. MEASUREMENTS: The presence of sarcopenia and the relationship between sarcopenia and functional impairment and disability were examined in 4,504 adults aged 60 and older. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated from bioimped- ance analysis measurements and expressed as skeletal mus- cle mass index (SMIskeletal muscle mass/body mass � 100). Subjects were considered to have a normal SMI if their SMI was greater than -one standard deviation above the sex-specific mean for young adults (aged 18-39). Class I sarcopenia was considered present in subjects whose SMI was within -one to -two standard deviations of young adult values, and class II sarcopenia was present in subjects whose SMI was below -two standard deviations of young adult values. RESULTS: The prevalence of class I and class II sarcope- nia increased from the third to sixth decades but remained relatively constant thereafter. The prevalence of class I (59% vs 45%) and class II (10% vs 7%) sarcopenia was greater in the older ( � 60 years) women than in the older men ( P � .001). The likelihood of functional impairment and disability was approximately two times greater in the older men and three times greater in the older women with class II sarcopenia than in the older men and women with a normal SMI, respectively. Some of the associations be- tween class II sarcopenia and functional impairment re- mained significant after adjustment for age, race, body mass index, health behaviors, and comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced relative skeletal muscle mass in older Americans is a common occurrence that is signifi- cantly and independently associated with functional im- pairment and disability, particularly in older women. These observations provide strong support for the prevailing view that sarcopenia may be an important and potentially re- versible cause of morbidity and mortality in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:889-896, 2002.

2,710 citations


"Variation in the prevalence of sarc..." refers background in this paper

  • ...functional outcomes, and treatment effectiveness and directly affects diagnostic certainty in clinical practice.(12) The purpose of this report is to quantify the magnitude of variation in prevalence rates of sarcopenic obesity using published research criteria consisting of measures that can be practically applied in routine clinical practice....

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  • ...The high degree of variation in rates of sarcopenic obesity when using different definitions highlights the need to shift from mathematical distribution-based criteria toward cutoffs related to clinically meaningful outcomes such as impairment of function, mortality, institutionalization, and quality of life.(12) Cross-sectional data demonstrate conflicting relationships between sarcopenia and obesity,(13,14,27) yet existing longitudinal data illustrate the association between sarcopenic obesity and disability(9) and that it may precede impairment in instrumental activities of daily living in community-dwelling individuals and predict functional decline over ensuing years....

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