Vegetarianism and type 1 diabetes in children.
06 Jun 2021-Vol. 11, pp 100099
TL;DR: In this article, a short commentary on vegetarianism in the pediatric and adolescent population with Type 1 Diabetes is presented, focusing mainly on diet and mainly on vegetarian diet, in order to evaluate if this kind of food style can offer the correct supply of nutrients, necessary for growth and well control glycaemic management.
Abstract: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion. T1D management rests on three pillars: insulin therapy, correct diet and physical exercise. The aim is to focus the attention on diet and mainly on vegetarian diet, in order to evaluate if this kind of food style can offer the correct supply of nutrients, necessary for growth and well control glycaemic management. This paper is a short commentary on vegetarianism in the pediatric and adolescent population with Type 1 Diabetes. In all non-omnivorous diets there is a risk of a lack of some nutrients, as B12 vitamin and n 3 fatty acids which must therefore be measured. It is also important to monitor eating disorders especially in adolescent girls. About vegan diet, attention must be paid to the possible injury on growth brain already at risk, in diabetic children compared to the general population, due to insults related to frequent glucose variability (periods of prolonged hyperglycaemia alternating with hypoglycaemic episodes). In conclusion, vegetarian diet could be suitable for children with type 1 diabetes; vegan diet could be too restrictive but with appropriate additions can be followed by these patients.
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors presented a survey of the state of the art in the field of pediatric endocrinology and diabetes education, including Iran's Department of Diabetes Education, Research and Development, Gabric Diabetes Education Association, Tehran, Iran, Iran Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, Pediatric departments, Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia Department of Paediatrics, Bayero University Kano, Kano; Nigeria Centre of Diabetes, Kazakh Society for Study of Diabetes; and Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal.
Abstract: Department of Diabetes Education, Research and Development, Gabric Diabetes Education Association, Tehran, Iran Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia Department of Paediatrics, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria Centre of Diabetes, Kazakh Society for Study of Diabetes, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Endocrinology department, Mediclinic City hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
3 citations
TL;DR: The nutritional composition of six out eight types varied significantly among vegan and vegetarian products, and the importance of a complete labelling of infants’ foods, especially vegan products, to help parents making a reasonable choice is implied.
Abstract: One of the current drivers of the infant food market is the rising demand for vegan products, and thus accurate knowledge of their nutritional composition is required to guide parents and health professionals. Thus, this study aimed to assess the nutritional composition of commercial plant-based infant foods, in addition to analyzing their health/nutrition claims. A selection of infant products launched in the global market (2017–2021) were classified into eight types and each type was divided into vegan and vegetarian products. Based on the ingredients list, cereals, seeds, pseudocereals and/or pulses were the most used ingredients in the retrieved products. The nutritional composition of six out eight types varied significantly among vegan and vegetarian products. When protein, calcium and iron contents differed significantly, vegan products had the highest protein content in all categories, compared to those that were vegetarian. When significant differences were found in sugar content, vegan products have lower amounts in all categories, compared to vegetarian products. Health and nutrition claims were found mostly used in vegetarian products. Strategies to reduce added sodium and sugar, and saturated fatty acids is required to ensure a healthy diet for infants. This study also implies the importance of a complete labelling of infants’ foods, especially vegan products to help parents making a reasonable choice.
1 citations
References
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TL;DR: It is concluded that the synthesis ofIL-1 beta, IL-1 alpha, and tumor necrosis factor can be suppressed by dietary supplementation with long-chain n-3 fatty acids.
Abstract: We examined whether the synthesis of interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor, two cytokines with potent inflammatory activities, is influenced by dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids. Nine healthy volunteers added 18 g of fish-oil concentrate per day to their normal Western diet for six weeks. We used a radioimmunoassay to measure interleukin-1 (IL-1 beta and IL-1 alpha) and tumor necrosis factor produced in vitro by stimulated peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. With endotoxin as a stimulus, the synthesis of IL-1 beta was suppressed from 7.4 +/- 0.9 ng per milliliter at base line to 4.2 +/- 0.5 ng per milliliter after six weeks of supplementation (43 percent decrease; P = 0.048). Ten weeks after the end of n-3 supplementation, we observed a further decrease to 2.9 +/- 0.5 ng per milliliter (61 percent decrease; P = 0.005). The production of IL-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor responded in a similar manner. Twenty weeks after the end of supplementation, the production of IL-1 beta, IL-1 alpha, and tumor necrosis factor had returned to the presupplement level. The decreased production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor was accompanied by a decreased ratio of arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid in the membrane phospholipids of mononuclear cells. We conclude that the synthesis of IL-1 beta, IL-1 alpha, and tumor necrosis factor can be suppressed by dietary supplementation with long-chain n-3 fatty acids. The reported antiinflammatory effect of these n-3 fatty acids may be mediated in part by their inhibitory effect on the production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor.
1,889 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is reviewed that the failure of resolution programs contributes to metabolic diseases and that SPMs may play pivotal roles in their resolution, and specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) are novel autacoids that resolve inflammation, protect organs, and stimulate tissue regeneration.
360 citations
TL;DR: Well-planned vegetarian diets that include a wide variety of plant foods, and a reliable source of vitamin B12, provide adequate nutrient intake.
Abstract: Background Interest in vegetarian diets is growing in Italy and elsewhere, as government agencies and health/nutrition organizations are emphasizing that regular consumption of plant foods may provide health benefits and help prevent certain diseases. Methods and results We conducted a Pubmed search, up to September, 2015, for studies on key nutrients (proteins, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, and n-3 fatty acids) in vegetarian diets. From 295 eligible publications the following emerged: Vegetarians should be encouraged to supplement their diets with a reliable source of vitamin B12 (vitamin-fortified foods or supplements). Since the plant protein digestibility is lower than that of animal proteins it may be appropriate for vegetarians to consume more proteins than recommended for the general population. Vegetarians should also be encouraged to habitually consume good sources of calcium, iron and zinc – particularly vegetables that are low in oxalate and phytate (e.g. Brassicaceae), nuts and seeds, and calcium-rich mineral water. Calcium, iron, and zinc bioavailability can be improved by soaking, germination, and sour-dough leavening that lower the phytate content of pulses and cereals. Vegetarians can ensure good n-3 fatty acid status by habitually consuming good sources of a-linolenic acid (walnuts, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and their oils) and limiting linoleic acid intake (corn and sunflower oils). Conclusions Well-planned vegetarian diets that include a wide variety of plant foods, and a reliable source of vitamin B12, provide adequate nutrient intake. Government agencies and health/nutrition organizations should provide more educational resources to help Italians consume nutritionally adequate vegetarian diets.
183 citations
TL;DR: It is pointed out that protein-rich foods, such as traditional legumes, nuts and seeds, are sufficient to achieve full protein adequacy in adults consuming vegetarian/vegan diets, while the question of any amino acid deficiency has been substantially overstated.
Abstract: While animal products are rich in protein, the adequacy of dietary protein intake from vegetarian/vegan diets has long been controversial. In this review, we examine the protein and amino acid intakes from vegetarian diets followed by adults in western countries and gather information in terms of adequacy for protein and amino acids requirements, using indirect and direct data to estimate nutritional status. We point out that protein-rich foods, such as traditional legumes, nuts and seeds, are sufficient to achieve full protein adequacy in adults consuming vegetarian/vegan diets, while the question of any amino acid deficiency has been substantially overstated. Our review addresses the adequacy in changes to protein patterns in people newly transitioning to vegetarian diets. We also specifically address this in older adults, where the issues linked to the protein adequacy of vegetarian diets are more complex. This contrasts with the situation in children where there are no specific concerns regarding protein adequacy because of their very high energy requirements compared to those of protein. Given the growing shifts in recommendations from nutrition health professionals for people to transition to more plant-based, whole-food diets, additional scientific evidence-based communications confirming the protein adequacy of vegetarian and vegan diets is warranted.
149 citations
TL;DR: Although there is strong evidence for nutritional requirements in young people the scientific evidence base for many aspects of diabetes dietary management is still emerging and it is important to individualize nutrition interventions and meal plans.
Abstract: Nutritional management is one of the cornerstones of diabetes care and education. Different countries and regions have widely varying cultures and socio- economic status that influence and dominate dietary habits. Although there is strong evidence for nutritional requirements in young people the scientific evidence base for many aspects of diabetes dietary management is still emerging and it is important to individualize nutrition interventions and meal plans. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
148 citations