Velocity of Sound in Liquids and Chemical Constitution
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the velocity of sound cannot be a proper basis of comparison in any homologous series and the result of plotting the constant R against the molecular weight of members of a homology series leads to the equation R = αM + β, where α is a general constant and β a characteristic constant for any one homology.
Abstract: A study of the recently obtained data on the velocity of sound and density in liquids reveals a simple relation between these quantities namely the law, v⅓M/ρ = R where v is the velocity of sound in the liquid, M the molecular weight, ρ the density and R a constant independent of temperature. It is shown that the velocity of sound cannot be a proper basis of comparison in any homologous series. The result of plotting the constant R against the molecular weight of members of homologous series leads to the equation R = αM + β where α is a general constant and β a characteristic constant for any one homologous series. The difference in R for successive members of homologous series is a constant independent of the series and R is an additive function of the chemical structure. Values of R for hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, bromine, and chlorine are tabulated.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, molecular refractivity and polarizability of a particle is defined as the dipole moment induced by an electric field of unit intensity, and the principal polarizabilities of molecules can be analyzed in terms of anisotropic bond polarisation.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses molecular refractivity and polarizability. Refractive indices ( n ) of pure substances are more accurately measurable than any other optical properties. The refractive index of a substance varies with its physical state, temperature t , and wave-length λ of the light by which n is observed. The first two of these effects are attributed to the density d . The specific refraction r of a substance multiplied by the molecular weight is referred as molecular refraction. Polarizability of a particle is defined as the dipole moment induced by an electric field of unit intensity. The polarizabilities of monatomic ions and molecules are generally independent of field direction. The principal polarizabilities of molecules can be analyzed in terms of anisotropic bond polarizabilities. Polarizabilities are also responsible for the birefringence, which appears whenever the orientations of anisotropic molecules in an assemblage are derandomized or changed by any disturbing force.
344 citations
TL;DR: The basic ideas underlying the use of ultrasound in non-destructive testing are reviewed with a special emphasis on their relevance to food engineering in this article, where the authors have found useful for measurements in food systems.
135 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the speeds of sound u, densities ρ and refractive indices n D of homologous series of mono-, di-, and tri-alkylamines were measured in the temperature range from 298.15 to 328.15
118 citations
TL;DR: For regions of partial melt in the lower mantle, both compressional and shear wave velocities decrease monotonically with increasing melt volume fraction as mentioned in this paper, and this velocity decrement ratio can be estimated without detailed knowledge of, or assumptions about, the microstructure of the partial melt system by using Gassmann's equation of poroelasticity.
Abstract: For regions of partial melt in the lower mantle, both compressional and shear wave velocities decrease monotonically with increasing melt volume fraction. Those regions close to the core-mantle boundary thought to contain partial melt have a velocity decrement ratio (relative change in shear velocity over relative change of compressional velocity) of about 3. Arguments based on effective medium theories have been given to show that such high values of this ratio are predicted for partial melt systems. The present work confirms the value of 3 near the core-mantle boundary. It is shown, furthermore, that this velocity decrement ratio can be estimated without detailed knowledge of, or assumptions about, the microstructure of the partial melt system by using Gassmann‧s equation of poroelasticity together with some reasonable assumptions about the change (or lack of change) of the density and bulk modulus for lower mantle pressure and temperature conditions.
83 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites were fabricated and exposed to ionizing radiation for a total dose of 5.9 Mrads.
Abstract: Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites were fabricated and exposed to ionizing radiation for a total dose of 5.9 Mrads. Neat nanotube paper and pure PMMA were also exposed for comparison, and nonirradiated samples served as controls. A concentration of 0.26 wt% SWNT increased the glass transition temperature (T
g), the Vickers hardness number, and modulus of the matrix. Irradiation of the composite did not significantly change the T
g, the Vickers hardness number, or the modulus; however, the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity increased after irradiation. The dielectric properties were found to be more labile to radiation effects than mechanical properties.
80 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, a pressure supersonic interferometer was used to examine nine organic liquids at frequencies a little less than 200 kc and at temperatures varying from 22.7°C to 25.5°C for the various liquids.
Abstract: With a pressure supersonic interferometer especially devised for this purpose, nine organic liquids are examined at frequencies a little less than 200 kc and at temperatures varying from 22.7°C to 25.5°C for the various liquids. The acoustic velocity is measured at intervals from atmospheric pressure to a pressure of 300 kg/cm2. The values of the acoustic velocity (in meters per second) in the liquids at the pressures indicated are given below: LiquidC2H5BrC Cl4CHCl3C2H5OC2H5C5H12CS2C6H6C7H8C6H5NH2Atmospheric Pressure885.912.986.993.1005.1136.1290.1313.1640.300 kg/cm2 Pressure1000.1048.1097.1255.1281.1268.1416.1447.1745. This method is being used for the determination of the value of the specific heats at other than atmospheric pressure.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an den Schallkennlinien von Losungen ein Extrapolationsverfahren, das die Schallgeschwindigkeit geloster Substanzen zu bestimmen gestattet, entwickelt.
Abstract: Nach einer Reihe von Messungen der Schallgeschwindigkeit in einfachen und zusammengesetzten Flussigkeiten wird an den Schallkennlinien von Losungen ein Extrapolationsverfahren, das die Schallgeschwindigkeit geloster Substanzen zu bestimmen gestattet, entwickelt. Fur den unterkuhltflussigen Zustand wird dieses Verfahren mit zwei Spezialapparaturen gepruft und fur richtig befunden. Das Extrapolationsverfahren wird sodann auf Grund theoretischer Uberlegungen auch auf feste Substanzen ausgedehnt. Das noch geringe Zahlenmaterial spricht auch hier fur die Brauchbarkeit der neuen Methode, Schallgeschwindigkeiten in Stoffen und Zustanden zu ermitteln, die bislang kaum zuganglich waren.
13 citations