scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

Venereal disease in East Africa

01 Nov 1965-Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (Oxford University Press)-Vol. 59, Iss: 6, pp 642-648
TL;DR: 1,000 consecutive cases of venereal disease have been analysed and it is suggested that the latter assume a very significant role, and that any effective eradication programme must take social factors into consideration.
Abstract: 1,000 consecutive cases of venereal disease have been analysed, and the social factors facilitating the spread of this group of diseases are examined and discussed. It is suggested that the latter assume a very significant role, and that any effective eradication programme must take social factors into consideration.
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Antimicrobial resistance in H. ducreyi is of special concern, as this organism has acquired both gram-negative and gram-positive resistance determinants and some of these determinants can be mobilized and transferred to other Haemophilus species or to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Abstract: Haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent of chancroid, one of the genital ulcerative diseases. H. ducreyi is the major cause of genital ulcer disease in Africa and Southeast Asia and is of increasing concern in the United States. Definitive diagnosis of chancroid requires the isolation and identification of H. ducreyi, but isolation of this organism is difficult and the available medium is not optimal for all strains. Fluorescent antibody and serologic tests are of limited value. In general, our knowledge of this organism is rather limited, and indeed, recent studies have questioned the placement of H. ducreyi in the genus Haemophilus. H. ducreyi has relatively few biochemical activities, and epidemiologic studies are limited because there are limited phenotypic markers available for strain typing. Specific virulence factors of H. ducreyi have yet to be identified. Antimicrobial resistance in H. ducreyi is of special concern, as this organism has acquired both gram-negative and gram-positive resistance determinants. In addition, some of these determinants can be mobilized and transferred to other Haemophilus species or to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

265 citations


Cites background from "Venereal disease in East Africa"

  • ...Patients with genital ulcers comprise 18 to 70% of STD patients seen in clinics of East and Southeast Asia, Africa, and India (79, 171)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Clinicians and public health planners can address these treatable syndromes through research and services in socially acceptable settings including family planning, prenatal and MCH clinics.

160 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of 97 patients with genital ulcers attending a special treatment clinic in Nairobi, Kenya, 60 harboured Haemophilus ducreyi, four herpes simplex virus, and five Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and an enriched chocolate agar with vancomycin and serum was a useful medium for primary isolation of H ducreys.
Abstract: Of 97 patients with genital ulcers attending a special treatment clinic in Nairobi, Kenya, 60 harboured Haemophilus ducreyi, four herpes simplex virus, and five Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Eleven patients had serological evidence of syphilis; of these one case was confirmed by darkfield microscopy. In the remaining cases no aetiological agent was identified. An enriched chocolate agar with vancomycin and serum was a useful medium for primary isolation of H ducreyi. Tetracycline was generally ineffective in the treatment of ulcers, but sulfadimidine was successful in almost 80% of cases.

106 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of 300 men in Nairobi, Kenya, with culture-proven chancroid, 57% had acquired infection from prostitutes, and no evidence of transmission of H ducreyi by women without clinical Chancroid was detected.

97 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overall structure consisting of the above nonasaccharide linked directly to a diphosphorylated lipid A moiety through the single KDO which is phosphorylated should provide a framework to investigate the roles of lipooligosaccharides in the host immunochemical response and pathology of H. ducreyi infection.

73 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In November 1965 the first Scientific Research Institute for Complex Social Research in the country was organized at the A. A. Zhdanov Leningrad State University.
Abstract: In November 1965 the first Scientific Research Institute for Complex Social Research in the country was organized at the A. A. Zhdanov Leningrad State University. It is made up of eight laboratories: Social-Economic Research (director, V. R. Polozov), Sociological Research (director, V. A. Yadov), Engineering Psychology (director, B. F. Lomov), Differential Psychology and Anthropology (director, acting member of the RSFSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences B. G. Anan'yev), Social Psychology (director, Ye. S. Kuz'min), Legal Research (director, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences D. A. Kerimov), Programmed Instruction (director, A. F. Esaulov), Efficient Management in Work Collectives (director, L. L. Gremyako).

83 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The social determinants of acute gonogoccal urethritis in men in urban East Africa (Kampala Uganda) indicated a variety of situations social factors and personal attitudes which determined sexual behavior and the acquisition of gonorrhea.
Abstract: Focus in this discussion is on the social determinants of acute gonogoccal urethritis in men in urban East Africa (Kampala Uganda). The method of diagnosis used was clinical examination together with microscopy of a Gram stained smear. The medicosociological aspects of gonorrhea can be considered in respect to the variables relating first to the individual and then to the community. Analysis of the cases attending the Mulago Hospital was limited to extraction of tribe locality and age. Half the cases treated in the hospital in Kampala came from the surrounding rural areas. Approximately half the cases were indigenous Baganda. The 2nd largest urban group are the Batoro a tribe in which both young men and women migrate the men as servants in town and the women often as nursemaids to European children or as prostitutes. Half the cases seen were made up of immigrants. The tribal distribution of cases at any 1 hospital is subject to bias due to occupational or residential selection. Analysis by age and tribe of the 1406 cases seen in Mulago Hospital showed that 71% were young men under age 30 and 20% were under age 20. A high proportion of the very young cases were local Baganda. The Baganda Banyaruanda and Banyankole were the 3 tribes contributing the highest proportions of older men with acute gonorrhea. 60 detailed histories were taken at smaller clinics in Kampala and these indicated a variety of situations social factors and personal attitudes which determined sexual behavior and the acquisition of gonorrhea. 8 cases were selected from them to illustrate qualitatively these social determinants. The social determinants which appeared most relevant to the situations revealed by the 60 case histories together with the Mulago Hospital figures are reviewed. These include: tribal and sex composition of the population; age composition; horizontal social mobility rural urban migration and permanence of residence; tribal customs and attitudes in relation to sex and venereal disease and their subsequent change or admixture; socioeconomic and ecucational stratification of the population; types of sexual relationship other than marriage; age at marriage and stability and type of marriage. Improved stable working conditions permitting men to have their wives accompany them and improvement in the economy and education of the population will ultimately have effects on lowering the incidence of gonorrhea. To be effective health education should be aimed at a younger age group who are largely in the rural districts and not in the towns. Antibiotic prophylaxis would be administratively feasible only among 1 small group of the Kampala prostitutes.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reawakening of syphilis, mentioned repeatedly in previous Reviews, has reached a point beyond the expectations of the most pessimistic during the 27th Review period.
Abstract: The reawakening of syphilis, mentioned repeatedly in previous Reviews, 1 has reached a point beyond the expectations of the most pessimistic during the 27th Review period (July, 1960—July, 1961). The lay and semimedical press have announced this in hundreds of items in their headlines, such as: Runaway Rise in New VD Cases 2 ; Syphilis Rise Stirs Action 3 ; Primary and Secondary Cases of Syphilis in Florida Rise at "Disturbing Rate" 4 ; Venereal Diseases Up 5 ; Venereal Disease Figure in New York Highest in 10 Years 6 ; Exhibit Shows How Syphilis Is "Disguised" 7 ; Syphilis Resurgence 8 ; Gonorrhea and Syphilis—A New Problem 9 ; The Venereal Disease Problem Has a New Look 10 ; Old Plague— New Challenge—Venereal Disease 11 ; Return of an Old Scourge 12 ; Early Syphilis Epidemics in Arizona 13 ; Venereal Disease: Is It Increasing in Mississippi? 14 ; Reappearance of Syphilis: High Percentage Among Homosexuals 15 ; Increase in Syphilis 16 ; Increase

7 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Sep 1960-BMJ

5 citations