Villalstonine: Its effect on the reproductive system of white rats
About: This article is published in Naturwissenschaften.The article was published on 1964-01-01. It has received 2 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: White (horse).
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TL;DR: How the epididymal epithelium controls sperm quality by clearing immature germ cells in response to their artificially induced massive shedding into the epiddymal lumen is described.
Abstract: The role of the epididymis as a quality control organ in preventing infertile gametes entering the ejaculate has been extensively explored, and it has been suggested that a specific region of mammalian epididymis is able to phagocytose abnormal germ cells. This study examines whether the epithelium of certain zones of the mouse epididymis can act as a selection barrier by removing immature germ cells from the lumen by phagocytosis. To detect the presence of immature germ cells in the epididymis, we generated transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the deleted in azoospermia-like (mDazl) promoter to easily identify immature germ cells under fluorescence microscopy. Using this technique, we observed that during the first stage of spermatogenesis in prepuberal mice, a wave of immature germ cells is released into the epididymis and that the immature epididymis is not able to react to this abnormal situation. By contrast, when immature germ cells were artificially released into the epididymis in adult mice, a phagocytic response was observed. Phagosomes appeared inside principal cells of the epididymal epithelium and were observed to contain immature germ cells at different degradation stages in different zones of the epididymis, following the main wave of immature germ cells. In this paper, we describe how the epididymal epithelium controls sperm quality by clearing immature germ cells in response to their artificially induced massive shedding into the epididymal lumen. Our observations indicate that this phenomenon is not restricted to a given epididymis region and that phagocytic capacity is gradually acquired during epididymal development.
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TL;DR: " KOHL~R ~ muBte ebenfal ls se inerzei t zugeben, dab be im A n ich t ein ausgezeichneter P u n k t allein den A-Charak te r mach t , sonde rn alle Tei l tSne zusammen, die eine a -Valenz besi tzen.
Abstract: welches bei doppe l te r F r equenz noch deut l ich sis A e r k a n n t wurde u n d n u t bei t ie feren F r e q u e n z e n einen ao -a r t i gen Charak te r a n n a h m . Mit dieser S tabi l i t~ t des A in g u t e m E~nklang s t e h t die Beobach±ung ~ , dab re ine TSne im a l lgemeinen nur sehr sehwer ffir ein A geha l ten werden . Der F o r m a n t sche in t bei der Beur te i tung des A d e m n a c h n i ch t ganz die Rol le zu spielen, die m a n e r w a r t e t ha t t e . E ine solche Ausnahmes t e l l ung des A h a t GaASS~AN~ ~ schon 1877 b e o b a c h t e t , , E s bes i t z t \" , nach ibm, , ,der Vokal a keinen charak te r i s t i schen , die ande ren f iberwiegenden Ober ton , sondern fiir ihn is t die ganze Reihe der Ober t6ne his zur 3. Ok tave des G r u n d t o n s eharak te r i s t i sch , und in diesem Sinne gil t fiir diesen Vokal das . . . Gesetz, dab je hSher der G r u n d t o n Iist, des to hSher s u c h die mi t k l ingenden Ober t6ne we rden . \" KOHL~R ~ muBte ebenfal ls se inerzei t zugeben, dab be im A n ich t ein ausgezeichneter P u n k t allein den A-Charak te r mach t , sonde rn alle Tei l tSne zusammen, die eine a -Valenz besi tzen. Bei den t ibrigen Vokalen konn t en wi t an den mi t ve r~nder t e r Geschwindigkei t l au fenden Gramm o p h o n p l a t t e n ~hnliche B e o b a c h t u n g e n machen . Sie veranlaBten uns, s u c h die bere i t s sehr wei t gehend e rweich te Abso lu t theor i e in ihrer AussehlieBlichkeit aufzugeben u n d so~voht den abso lu ten wie den re la t iven F a k t o r e n einen Antei l bei der Voka lb i ldung zuzuges tehen. E ine solche Verb indung yon Absolut u n d Re la t iv theo r i e h a t schon AU~B~CH ~ versucht . , ,Alle K1Enge, insb e s o n d e r e die Vokale der menseh l i chen S t i m m e u n d S p r a c h e , s ind\" , n a c h ihm, , , zu def inieren als die Folge des Zusammensch lusses zweier Momente , eines r e l a t iven und eines abso lu ten . \" Der Antei l
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