Viper venom-induced inflammation and inhibition of free radical formation by pure compound (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid) isolated and purified from anantamul (Hemidesmus indicus R.Br) root extract
TL;DR: The present investigation explored the possible venom neutralizing effect of a pure compound isolated and purified from the methanolic root extract of Hemidesmus indicus R.Rr.
About: This article is published in Toxicon.The article was published on 1998-01-01. It has received 112 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Hemidesmus indicus.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the inhibitory effects of leaf methanol extract and solvent fractions of B. pinnatum against local effects induced by Bitis arietans and Naja nigricollis snake venoms.
Abstract: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae), a traditional anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-fever and anti-cancer remedy is also popular in Indian traditional herbal remedies for snake bite treatment. Studies evaluating the anti-venom activity of this plant are scarce. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of leaf methanol extract and solvent fractions of B. pinnatum against local effects induced by Bitis arietans and Naja nigricollis snake venoms. Inhibition of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, antioxidant, total phenol content and in vivo and in vitro effects on toxicity induced by the two venoms were evaluated. With Bitis arietans in vitro assay model, methanol extract, dichloromethane (DCM) and aqueous fractions gave concentration-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation at 100 - 500 μg/ml which ranked as: methanol extract > aqueous fraction > DCM fraction at 500 μg/ml. The aqueous fraction with maximal inhibition of 31.5% appeared to be the most potent inhibitor of Naja nigricollis induced platelet aggregation. Concentration-dependent DPPH free radical scavenging activity which were comparatively less than the reference antioxidant, ascorbic acid was observed at tested concentrations of 20 - 100 µg/ml. There appears to be a correlation between the total phenolic contents of this plant and its radical scavenging activity with the polar aqueous fraction being the richest (31.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g). Venom neutralization was remarkable in a dose-dependent manner at 24h and 48h (75% protection for DCM fraction, and 100% for aqueous fraction at 100 mg/kg) against Bitis arietans-LD99 envenomed mice. Order of antivenin potency is: DCM fraction > aqueous fraction = methanol extract on Naja nigricollis at 24h. Rats envenomed with LD50 of snake venoms displayed complete protection of Naja nigricollis-treated rats only with methanol extract and DCM fraction in 48h, and of Bitis arietans-envenomed animals with all tested doses of methanol extract at 24h and the aqueous fraction in 48h. In conclusion, the results indicate the potential antiophidic activity of B. pinnatum leaf particularly against local effects induced by Bitis arietans thereby justifying its folkloric usage.
TL;DR: In this paper , the potential of benzodiazepinone derivatives to act against snake venom induced inflammation has been explored in the present investigation, three compounds VA 17, VA 43 and PA 03 were taken from our library of synthetic compounds.
Abstract: Snake envenomation leads to the formation of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are mediated by endogenous intracellular molecules. These are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and can induce sterile inflammation.In the present study, we aim at understanding the mechanisms involved in DAMPs induced sterile inflammation to unravel the novel therapeutic strategies for treating snake bites. The potential of benzodiazepinone derivatives to act against snake venom induced inflammation has been explored in the present investigation.Three compounds VA 17, VA 43 and PA 03 were taken from our library of synthetic compounds. Oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, superoxide and nitric oxide were measured along with the analysis of DAMPs (IL6, HMGB1, vWF, S100b and HSP70). These compounds have been docked using molecular docking against the snake venom PLA2 structure (PDB code: 1OXL).The compounds have been found to effectively neutralize viper and cobra venoms induced lethal activity both ex vivo and in vivo. The compounds have also neutralized the viper venom induced hemorrhagic, coagulant, anticoagulant reactions as well as inflammation. The fold of protection have always been found to be higher in case of ex vivo than in in vivo. These compounds have neutralized the venom induced DAMPs as exhibited by IL6, HMGB1, vWF, S100b and HSP70. The fold of neutralization is found to be higher in VA 43.The identified compounds could be used as potential candidates for developing treatment of snakebites in areas where antiserums are not yet available.
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: Root is used to treat a wide variety of illnesses, including rheumatism, leprosy, impotence, urinary tract and skin infections, and is traditionally used by herbal practitioners for the treatment of snakebite in Tamil Nadu state of India.
Abstract: It is a slender, twining, sometimes prostrate or semi-erect shrub. Root is used to treat a wide variety of illnesses, including rheumatism, leprosy, impotence, urinary tract and skin infections, and is traditionally used by herbal practitioners for the treatment of snakebite in Tamil Nadu state of India. Muslim physicians of India called the Andalusian as the best Ushbah. It was found to have remarkable diuretic action; it also acts as a diaphoretic and tonic, and increases appetite. In Ayurveda, it is considered demulcent, alterative, and tonic, and is prescribed in dyspepsia, skin diseases, syphilis, fever and dysentery, generally in combination with bitters and aromatics. It contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, proteins, and fragrant phenolic compounds, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMBA) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin). Vanillin is an efficient in vitro inhibitor of AChE, and HMBA is the major compound (>90%) of the root volatile oil. Aqueous root extract significantly decreased blood glucose in fed, fasted and glucose-loaded diabetic rats, and normalized electrolytes, glucose metabolizing enzymes, and corrected related metabolic alterations. β-amyrin palmitate was identified as the active antidiabetic constituent. Ethanol root extract also significantly decreased blood glucose, serum TC, TGs, FFAs and phospholipid of diabetic rats after four-weeks treatment. Root powder was protective against gentamicin-nephrotoxicity, and the aqueous extract protected against cisplatin- and bromobenzene-nephrotoxicity in rats. HMBA was suggested to be the active principle for hypolipidemic effect.
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the traditional ethnobotanical and ayurvedic aspects of Hemidesmus indicus and recently updated knowledge regarding the pharmacology, phytochemistry, adulteration, and current trends of this medicinally important herb in the field of modern phytomedicine.
Abstract: Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. is commonly known as Indian Sarsaparilla or Anantmula. Traditionally, it has been utilised as a vital herb for the treatment of several disorders. Indian Sarsaparilla is rich in a wide range of phytoconstituents such as pregnane glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, aromatic aldehydes, lignans, saponins, flavonoids and aliphatic acids which may further contribute to its pharmacological properties. This chapter gathers and compiles the traditional ethnobotanical and ayurvedic aspects of H. indicus and recently updated knowledge regarding the pharmacology, phytochemistry, adulteration, and current trends of this medicinally important herb in the field of modern phytomedicine. It also presents the ayurvedic pharmacology of this herb and summarizes the biomedical researches in as much as it helps glean a better understanding of H. indicus safety and effectiveness in humans, and describes the various natural products and polyherbal medicines containing H. indicus.
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: The present finding suggest that ethanolic extract of Euphorbia hirtaplant possesses significant neutralizing capacity of snake viperarusselli venom which may be beneficial in the treatment of snake bite.
Abstract: The study was undertaken to investigate the evaluation of neutralization potential of viperarussellisnake venom by extract of Euphorbia hirta. The Euphorbia hirta whole plant was extracted using ethanol and tested for acute toxicity according to OECD-425 guidelines. The ethanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta at 100, 200, 400 mg/kg were evaluated for its efficacy to neutralize various actions of the venom like lethality, necrotizing activity, edema forming activity and hemorrhagic activity. Ethanolic plant extract when administered orally, effectively neutralized lethality induced by 2LD50 and 3LD50 of viperarussellivenomat dose levels 200 and 400mg/kg body weight(in-vivo neutralization). In in-vitro studies, plant extract at all dose levels, i.e. 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight effectively neutralized 2LD50 and 3LD50 of viperarussellivenom. It also significantly reduces viper venom induced hemorrhage, necrosis and edema at all dose levels in rats. Hence the present finding suggest that ethanolic extract of Euphorbia hirtaplant possesses significant neutralizing capacity of snake viperarusselli venom which may be beneficial in the treatment of snake bite. Further study on isolation of active constituent from this plant extract is needed for development of new chemical antidote for snake envenomation.
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TL;DR: The staining procedure for localizing superoxide dismutase on polyacrylamide electrophoretograms has been applied to extracts obtained from a variety of sources and could thus be assayed either in crude extracts or in purified protein fractions.
10,933 citations
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TL;DR: The few existing reports on the careful pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies which have been made have been summarized to provide a basis for a full-scale investigation of the therapeutic potential of flavonoids.
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TL;DR: It is shown that similar events occur in the guinea pig perfused lung before inhibition by steroids of phospholipase A2 activity (and thus TXA2 generation), and a steroid-induced factor is discovered which mimics the anti-phospholipases effects of these anti-inflammatory agents.
Abstract: ASPIRIN prevents prostaglandin (PG) generation by directly inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme responsible for PG biosynthesis1–3. In addition, there is now conclusive evidence that anti-inflammatory steroids can also prevent PG generation4–13. Unlike the aspirin-like drugs, steroids have no anti-cyclo-oxygenase activity but exert their action by preventing the release from phospholipids of the fatty acid substrates required for PG biosynthesis4–9,12,13. We have shown that stimulation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) release by agents such as histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and rabbit aorta contracting substance-releasing factor (RCS–RF) (but not arachidonic acid) is inhibited by anti-inflammatory steroids, and that their potency in this action closely parallels their anti-inflammatory activity12,13. Furthermore, their mechanism of action involves the inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity, and thus of arachidonate release within the lung12,13. In several other tissues, the mechanism of steroid hormone action depends on the combination of thesteroid with a cytosolic receptor protein, the translocation of this drug–receptor complex to the nucleus and the initiation of protein biosynthesis14–16. We now show that similar events occur in the guinea pig perfused lung before inhibition by steroids of phospholipase A2 activity (and thus TXA2 generation). We have discovered a steroid-induced factor which mimics the anti-phospholipase effects of these anti-inflammatory agents.
891 citations