Viper venom-induced inflammation and inhibition of free radical formation by pure compound (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid) isolated and purified from anantamul (Hemidesmus indicus R.Br) root extract
TL;DR: The present investigation explored the possible venom neutralizing effect of a pure compound isolated and purified from the methanolic root extract of Hemidesmus indicus R.Rr.
About: This article is published in Toxicon.The article was published on 1998-01-01. It has received 112 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Hemidesmus indicus.
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TL;DR: Protection against DEN-mediated carcinogenic changes in rat liver can be achieved by long term treatment with the decoction comprised of N. sativa seeds, S. glabra rhizome and H. indicus root bark.
Abstract: A decoction comprised of Nigella sativa seeds, Hemidesmus indicus root bark and Smilax glabra rhizome is being recommended for cancer patients by a family of traditional medical practitioners of Sri Lanka. Previous investigations have demonstrated that a short term (10 weeks) treatment with the decoction can significantly inhibit diethylnitrosamine (DEN) mediated expression of Glutathione S-transferase P form (GST-P) in rat liver. The objective of the present investigation was to determine whether long term (16 months) treatment with the decoction would be successful in inhibiting in rat livers, not only DEN- mediated expression of GST-P, but also the carcinogen mediated development of overt tumours (OT) or histopathological changes leading to tumour development (HT).
48 citations
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...glabra inhibits angiogenesis are not clear, although each of the above plants have been reported to possess strong antiinflammatory properties [29-31] and [32]....
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TL;DR: Crin ameliorated the venom‐induced oxidative stress, hematological alteration and proinflammatory cytokine levels, and a long‐term auxiliary therapy is required to treat secondary as well as neglected complications of snakebite.
Abstract: Snakebite is a serious medical and socio-economic problem affecting the healthy individuals and agricultural and farming populations worldwide. In India, Vipera russelli snakebite is common, ensuing high morbidity and mortality. The venom components persuade multifactorial stress phenomenon and alter the physiological setting by causing disruption of the blood cells and vital organs. The present study demonstrates the anti-ophidian property of Crocin (Crocus sativus), a potent antioxidant against viper venom-induced oxidative stress. The in vivo oxidative damage induced by venom was clearly evidenced by the increased oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes/molecules along with the proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1 beta, TNF-a and IL-6. Furthermore, venom depleted the hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and platelet count in experimental animals. Crocin ameliorated the venom-induced oxidative stress, hematological alteration and proinflammatory cytokine levels. At present, administration of antivenom is an effective therapy against systemic toxicity, but it offers no protection against the rapidly spreading oxidative damage and infiltration of pro-inflammatory mediators. These pathologies will continue even after antivenom administration. Hence, a long-term auxiliary therapy is required to treat secondary as well as neglected complications of snakebite. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
44 citations
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...of the membrane.(30,31) In the present study, the lipid peroxidationmeasured in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was found to be increased significantly with time....
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TL;DR: The data clearly suggest that venom-induced oxidative stress and inflammation is also responsible for oxidative burst and cell death in the circulation, which may worsen even after anti-venin therapy.
Abstract: Background and objective
The snakebite mortality rate has been significantly reduced due to effective anti-venin therapy. The intravenously infused anti-venom will neutralize free and target-bound toxins but fails to neutralize venom-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, as the antigen–antibody complex itself is pro-inflammatory. Therefore, an auxiliary therapy is necessary to treat secondary/overlooked envenomation complications.
43 citations
Cites background from "Viper venom-induced inflammation an..."
...In contrast, antioxidants have been shown to attenuate viper venom-induced cellular damage by inhibiting the oxidative cascade and improving membrane stabilization [42]....
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TL;DR: 2‐Hydroxy‐4‐methoxy benzoic acid (HMBA), the active principle of Hemidesmus indicus, an indigenous Ayurvedic medicinal plant in India, is expected to significantly inhibit the development of liver injury in ethanol administration and suggest that HMBA administration may afford protection against ethanol‐induced Liver injury in rats.
Abstract: Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the most common diseases in society A large number of studies are in progress to identify natural substances that are effective in reducing the severity of ALD 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid (HMBA), the active principle of Hemidesmus indicus, an indigenous Ayurvedic medicinal plant in India, is expected to significantly inhibit the development of liver injury in ethanol administration It is expected to reduce the severity of liver damage in terms of body weight, hepatic marker enzymes, oxidative stress, antioxidant status and histological changes in ethanol-induced hepatotoxic rats Hepatotoxicity was induced by administering 20% ethanol (5 g kg(-1) daily) for 60 days to male Wistar rats, which resulted in significantly decreased body weight and an increase in liver-body weight ratio The liver marker enzymes aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and lactate dehydrogenase were elevated In addition, the levels of plasma, erythrocyte and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes were also elevated in ethanol-fed rats as compared with those of the experimental control rats Decreased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol was also observed on alcohol administration as compared with experimental control rats HMBA was co-administered at a dose of 200 mug kg(-1) daily for the last 30 days of the experiment to rats with alcohol-induced liver injury, which significantly increased body weight, significantly decreased the liver-body weight ratio, transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and lactate dehydrogenase, significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxidative markers, significantly elevated the activity of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in plasma, erythrocytes and liver and also increased levels of plasma and liver vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol at the end of the experimental period as compared with untreated ethanol-administered rats The histological changes were also in correlation with the biochemical findings The results suggest that HMBA administration may afford protection against ethanol-induced liver injury in rats
41 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Findings suggested that MHI might elicit an antidiarrhoeal effect by inhibition of intestinal motility and by its bacteriocidal activity.
Abstract: Methanolic extract of H. indicus root (MHI) was screened for its antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium, E. coli and S. flexneri, in vitro and in experimentally induced diarrhoea in albino rats, in vivo. MHI had an anti enterobacteriae effect as evident from agar well diffusion method and decrease in CFU/ml in MHI treated LB broth culture. MHI inhibited the castor oil induced diarrhoea in rats as judged by a decrease in the amount of wet faeces in MHI-pretreated rats at a dose of 500-1500 mg/kg. The results indicated that MHI was more active than standard antidiarrhoeal drug, lomotil. Phytochemical tests revealed the main constituents as tannins, steroids, triterpenoids and carbohydrates. Present findings suggested that MHI might elicit an antidiarrhoeal effect by inhibition of intestinal motility and by its bacteriocidal activity.
40 citations
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TL;DR: The staining procedure for localizing superoxide dismutase on polyacrylamide electrophoretograms has been applied to extracts obtained from a variety of sources and could thus be assayed either in crude extracts or in purified protein fractions.
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TL;DR: The few existing reports on the careful pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies which have been made have been summarized to provide a basis for a full-scale investigation of the therapeutic potential of flavonoids.
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TL;DR: It is shown that similar events occur in the guinea pig perfused lung before inhibition by steroids of phospholipase A2 activity (and thus TXA2 generation), and a steroid-induced factor is discovered which mimics the anti-phospholipases effects of these anti-inflammatory agents.
Abstract: ASPIRIN prevents prostaglandin (PG) generation by directly inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme responsible for PG biosynthesis1–3. In addition, there is now conclusive evidence that anti-inflammatory steroids can also prevent PG generation4–13. Unlike the aspirin-like drugs, steroids have no anti-cyclo-oxygenase activity but exert their action by preventing the release from phospholipids of the fatty acid substrates required for PG biosynthesis4–9,12,13. We have shown that stimulation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) release by agents such as histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and rabbit aorta contracting substance-releasing factor (RCS–RF) (but not arachidonic acid) is inhibited by anti-inflammatory steroids, and that their potency in this action closely parallels their anti-inflammatory activity12,13. Furthermore, their mechanism of action involves the inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity, and thus of arachidonate release within the lung12,13. In several other tissues, the mechanism of steroid hormone action depends on the combination of thesteroid with a cytosolic receptor protein, the translocation of this drug–receptor complex to the nucleus and the initiation of protein biosynthesis14–16. We now show that similar events occur in the guinea pig perfused lung before inhibition by steroids of phospholipase A2 activity (and thus TXA2 generation). We have discovered a steroid-induced factor which mimics the anti-phospholipase effects of these anti-inflammatory agents.
891 citations