Virtual Archaeology – New Methods of Image-Based 3D Modeling
01 Jan 2009-pp 287-305
TL;DR: Advanced 3D modeling of landscapes, sites, single architectures, statues, findings, and artifacts have given the experts in the field and office new tools in their hands for better analysis and interpretation of processes, developments, and relations.
Abstract: The latest developments in sensors and data processing technology have strongly influenced many disciplines and have led in many cases to completely novel ways as to how the respective work is conducted, with new possibilities for improved data acquisition, handling, and analysis. Archaeology and cultural heritage are definitely among those fields that have drawn many advantages from this situation. Advanced 3D modeling of landscapes, sites, single architectures, statues, findings, and artifacts have given the experts in the field and office new tools in their hands for better analysis and interpretation of processes, developments, and relations.
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24 Jul 2012-ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
TL;DR: In this paper, a 3D model of the Drapham Dzong is embedded into a large area model generated from a GeoEye-1 stereo model, which is then used for data processing.
Abstract: The Buddhist fortress Drapham Dzong is located in the Bumthang District in central Bhutan on a mountain ridge at approximately 2930 m altitude. A surveying mission was carried out with the goal to produce a textured 3D model of the site, together with a conventional 2D map and an orthophoto. The remote and exposed location of the site makes traditional surveying, including terrestrial laser-scanning a tedious undertaking. Aerial images of reasonable quality are not available in Bhutan. Satellite images, even of very high resolution (50 cm footprint) do not show sufficient detail for the modelling of the man-made structures. Therefore this project leads itself very well to the use of an appropriate UAV. This paper describes briefly the raw data acquisition by UAV and terrestrial images, and then focuses on the procedures for data processing. The 3D model of the man-made objects is embedded into a large area model of the environment, generated from a GeoEye-1 stereo model. Overall, the project is a typical example of a multi-image concept, making use of imagery of quite different resolutions (satellite, UAV, terrestrial). Given a textured accurate 3D model, 2D maps and orthoimages are nothing but derivatives of this general product. The project also shows how lightweight equipment can be used in remote and not easily accessible areas for surveying and 3D modelling purposes.
19 citations
04 May 2019-ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an application of Building Information Modelling targeted to the development of a restauration proposal for the ex-church of San Quirico all'Olivo in Lucca, Tuscany.
Abstract: . In the last decade, in the field of conservation of historic buildings, several research projects have shown the potential of applying BIM technology to architectural heritage. However, the use of BIM for historic buildings (HBIM) is still evolving. This paper presents an application of Building Information Modelling targeted to the development of a restauration proposal for the ex-church of San Quirico all’Olivo in Lucca, Tuscany. Following a brief review of the state-of-the-art of BIM applied to architectural heritage, the paper shows the results of a study that included 3D architectural survey with Structure-from-Motion methodology, critical analysis of historical archival and bibliographic sources, analysis of the conservation status of the building, proposal for its conservation and enhancement. HBIM methodology has been critically applied to all the phases of the project. This study also explores the possibility of organizing the BIM model into temporal phases, integrating documentation in a structured and easily accessible way. In our study, we also chose to link the 3D point cloud to the model, in order to increase the level of information; the 3D survey, therefore, is both the starting point for modelling, and represents a source of information within the model, to be recalled when required.
18 citations
Cites methods from "Virtual Archaeology – New Methods o..."
...…and strictness in texture mapping is the integration between laser scanning and photogrammetry [Caroti et al., 2015; Cipriani & Fantini, 2017; Gruen, 2009; Piemonte, et al., 2018], the latter in its latest acceptation, i.e. exploiting Structure from Motion and Multi-View Stereo algorithms…...
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TL;DR: A 3D reconstruction of a third-millennium bc megalithic tower and surrounding landscape using a combination of architectural drawing, 3D photogrammetry and geographic information systems (GIS) mapping is reported in this paper.
Abstract: Three-dimensional imagery is rapidly transforming the reconstruction, visualization and conceptualization of ancient monuments. We report (and reflect on the value of) digital reconstruction of a third-millennium bc megalithic tower and surrounding landscape using a combination of architectural drawing, 3D photogrammetry and geographic information systems (GIS) mapping. Our results indicate that at least 181 metric tons of limestone (mean boulder weight 386kg) were hewn to create a monument 20m in diameter and at least 4m high. In addition to considering possible practical functions, including water extraction and a potential defensive purpose, we argue that this tower’s central significance lay in its monumentality. At least sixty comparable Umm an-Nar period towers are known; and, as much as the model itself, the process of planning and executing a 3D model led us to recognize that a community of skilled builder/architects used a sophisticated mental template (with variation on a theme) to desig...
15 citations
Cites background or methods from "Virtual Archaeology – New Methods o..."
...The general approach employed Photomodeler to create a 3D point cloud from digital photographs that is similar to those created by laser-scanning technologies (Forte et al. 2012; Kersten and Lindstaedt 2012; Gruen 2009)....
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...Emergent 3D imaging technologies now offer powerful means to generate advanced digital reconstructions for research, education and preservation in ways that complement traditional drawings and photographs and help us to evaluate alternative scenarios of design, construction, meaning and purpose (e.g. Favro 2006; Forte 2010; Gruen 2009; Pavlidis et al. 2007; Sullivan and Wendrich 2009; White 2013)....
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...…for research, education and preservation in ways that complement traditional drawings and photographs and help us to evaluate alternative scenarios of design, construction, meaning and purpose (e.g. Favro 2006; Forte 2010; Gruen 2009; Pavlidis et al. 2007; Sullivan and Wendrich 2009; White 2013)....
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a Table of Table of the Abstracts of Thesis for the Organization of thesis (OOTS) conference on Thesis and Thesis.
Abstract: ................................................................................................................................................................. i Abstrait .................................................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. iv Publications ........................................................................................................................................................... v Organisation of Thesis ......................................................................................................................................... vi Table of
12 citations
30 May 2018-ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
TL;DR: An approach for creating new forms of archaeological documents, a pipeline for their producing and collecting in one holistic model, describing an archaeological site is developed and a set of techniques is developed for acquiring and integration of spatial and visual data of different level of details.
Abstract: . The complexity of retrieving and understanding the archaeological data requires to apply different techniques, tools and sensors for information gathering, processing and documenting. Archaeological research now has the interdisciplinary nature involving technologies based on different physical principles for retrieving information about archaeological findings. The important part of archaeological data is visual and spatial information which allows reconstructing the appearance of the findings and relation between them. Photogrammetry has a great potential for accurate acquiring of spatial and visual data of different scale and resolution allowing to create archaeological documents of new type and quality. The aim of the presented study is to develop an approach for creating new forms of archaeological documents, a pipeline for their producing and collecting in one holistic model, describing an archaeological site. A set of techniques is developed for acquiring and integration of spatial and visual data of different level of details. The application of the developed techniques is demonstrated for documenting of Bosporus archaeological expedition of Russian State Historical Museum.
8 citations
Cites background from "Virtual Archaeology – New Methods o..."
...…for performing a large number of projects in the area of archaeology resulting in digital models of high quality and details (Al-Hanbali et al., 2006), (Gruen, 2009), (Dall’Asta et al., 2016), (Clarke, 2016) and even for underwater environment (Bruno et al., 2015), (L’Hour and Creuze, 2016)....
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References
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TL;DR: An overview of 3-D digitizing techniques is presented with an emphasis on commercial techniques and systems currently available, with a focus on commercial systems that are considered good representations of the key technologies that have survived the test of years.
Abstract: We review 20 years of development in the field of 3-D laser imaging. An overview of 3-D digitizing techniques is presented with an emphasis on commercial techniques and systems currently available. It covers some of the most important methods that have been developed, both at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and elsewhere, with a focus on commercial systems that are considered good representations of the key technologies that have survived the test of years. © 2004 SPIE and IS&T.
1,041 citations
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the adaptive least square correlation (ALES) is used for image matching, which allows for simultaneous radiometric corrections and local geometrical image shaping, whereby the system parameters are automatically assessed, corrected, and thus optimized during the least squares iterations.
Abstract: The Adaptive Least Squares Correlation is a very potent and flexible technique for all kinds of data matching problems. Here its application to image matching is outlined. It allows for simultaneous radiometric corrections and local geometrical image shaping, whereby the system parameters are automatically assessed, corrected, and thus optimized during the least squares iterations. The various tools of least squares estimation can be favourably utilized for the assessment of the correlation quality. Furthermore, the system allows for stabilization and improvement of the correlation procedure through the simultaneous consideration of geometrical constraints, e.g. the collinearity condition. Some exciting new perspectives are emphasized, as for example multiphoto correlation, multitemporal and multisensor correlation, multipoint correlation, and simultaneous correlation/triangulation.
667 citations
TL;DR: This surface matching technique is a generalization of the least squares image matching concept and offers high flexibility for any kind of 3D surface correspondence problem, as well as statistical tools for the analysis of the quality of final matching results.
Abstract: The automatic co-registration of point clouds, representing 3D surfaces, is a relevant problem in 3D modeling. This multiple registration problem can be defined as a surface matching task. We treat it as least squares matching of overlapping surfaces. The surface may have been digitized/sampled point by point using a laser scanner device, a photogrammetric method or other surface measurement techniques. Our proposed method estimates the transformation parameters of one or more 3D search surfaces with respect to a 3D template surface, using the Generalized Gauss–Markoff model, minimizing the sum of squares of the Euclidean distances between the surfaces. This formulation gives the opportunity of matching arbitrarily oriented 3D surface patches. It fully considers 3D geometry. Besides the mathematical model and execution aspects we address the further extensions of the basic model. We also show how this method can be used for curve matching in 3D space and matching of curves to surfaces. Some practical examples based on the registration of close-range laser scanner and photogrammetric point clouds are presented for the demonstration of the method. This surface matching technique is a generalization of the least squares image matching concept and offers high flexibility for any kind of 3D surface correspondence problem, as well as statistical tools for the analysis of the quality of final matching results.
569 citations
"Virtual Archaeology – New Methods o..." refers methods in this paper
...The pairwise co-registration of the pointclouds was done by use of an in-house developed method, called Least Squares 3D Surface Matching (LS3D)(Gruen and Akca 2005)....
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01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, an image matching approach for automatic digital surface model (DSM) generation from linear array images, which has the ability to provide dense, precise and reliable results is presented.
Abstract: This dissertation addresses the topic of automatic Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation from linear array images. Research on this issue is mainly motivated by the following facts: In recent years, CCD linear array sensors are widely used to acquire high-quality, highresolution panchromatic and multispectral imagery for photogrammetric and remote sensing applications. Most of these sensors have the ability to acquire more than 2 views of the terrain surface during a single flight line or orbit. The processing of these kinds of images provides a challenge for algorithmic redesign and this opens the possibility to reconsider and improve many photogrammetric processing components. In particular, automatic DSM generation through image matching techniques is one of the main topics. Although this topic has gained much attention in the past years and a wide variety of approaches have been developed, the accuracy performance and the problems encountered are very similar in the major approaches and the performance of these approaches does by far not live up to the standards set by manual measurements. Therefore, efforts have to be made to develop a general framework for automatic DSM generation from linear array images, into which specific algorithms can be inserted easily, investigated and combined in order to achieve reasonable results in terms of precision and reliability. In this dissertation, an image matching approach for automatic DSM generation from linear array images, which has the ability to provide dense, precise and reliable results is presented. The approach integrates different matching primitives, uses available and explicit knowledge concerning the image geometry and radiometry information, combines several image matching algorithms and automatic quality control, and works with a coarse-to-fine hierarchical matching strategy. The most outstanding characteristics are the efficient utilisation of multiple images and the integration of multiple matching primitives. With this approach, the linear array images and the given or previously triangulated orientation elements are taken as inputs. After pre-processing of the original images and production of the image pyramids, the matches of 3 kinds of features, i.e. feature points, grid points and edges, on the original resolution images are finally found progressively starting from the lowdensity features on the images with the lowest resolution. An intermediate DSM is reconstructed from the matched features on each level of the pyramid by using the constrained Delauney triangulation method, which in turn is used in the subsequent pyramid level for the approximations and self-tuning of the matching parameters. Finally least squares matching methods are used to achieve more precise matches for all the matched features and identify some false matches. The presented approach essentially consists of several mutually connected components: the image pre-processing, the multiple primitive multi-image (MPM) matching, the refined matching and the system performance evaluation. Each of them is important and possesses particular features, which are fully elaborated in different parts of the dissertation. First of all, a pre-processing method, which combines an adaptive smoothing filter and the Wallis filter, is used in order to reduce the effects of the inherent radiometric problems and optimize the images for subsequent feature extraction and image matching procedure. The method mainly consists of 3 processing stages. In the first stage, the noise characteristics of the images are analyzed quantitatively in both homogeneous and non-homogeneous image regions. The image blur problem (image unsharpness) is also addressed through the analysis of the image’s Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). Then, an adaptive smoothing filter is applied to reduce the noise level and at the same time, to sharpen edges and preserve even fine detail such as corners and line end-points. Finally, the Wallis filter is applied to strongly enhance and sharpen the already existing texture patterns. The MPM matching procedure is the core of our approach. In this approach, the matching is performed with the aid of multiple images, incorporating multiple matching primitives – feature points, grid points and edges, integrating local and global image information and, utilizing a coarse-to-fine hierarchical matching strategy. The MPM approach mainly consists of 3 integrated subsystems: point extraction and matching procedure, edge extraction and matching procedure and relational matching procedure. These 3 subsystems are followed through the image pyramid and the results at higher levels are used for guidance at the lower levels. At each pyramid level, the correspondence is established in two matching stages – locally and globally. In the local matching stage dense patterns of points and edges are matched. A unique and robust matching algorithm The Geometrically Constrained Cross-Correlation (GC) algorithm is employed to provide matching candidates for points and edge pixels. The algorithm is based on the concept of multi-image matching guided from the object space and allows reconstruction of 3D objects by matching all the images at the same time, without having to go through the processing of all individual stereo-pairs and the merging of all stereo-pair results. The GC method, with the self-tuning of the parameters, leads to a reduction of problems caused by occlusions, multiple solutions and surface discontinuities. The global matching stage is responsible for imposing global consistency among the candidate matches in order to disambiguate the multiple candidates and avoid mismatches. The global matching is resolved by a probability relaxation based relational matching method. It uses the local support provided by points within a 2D neighborhood. This corresponds to imposing a piecewise smoothness constraint, in which the matched edges serve as breaklines in order to prohibit the smoothness constraint crossing these edges and preserves the surface discontinuities. The modified Multiphoto Geometrically Constrained Matching (MPGC) and the Least Squares B-Spline Snakes (LSB-Snakes) methods are used to achieve potentially sub-pixel accuracy matches and identify some inaccurate and possibly false matches. The DSM derived from the MPM module provides good enough approximations for these methods and increases the convergence rate. The initial values of the shaping parameters in MPGC matching can also be predetermined by using the image geometry and the derived DSM data. Finally, for each matched point, a reliability indicator is assigned based on the analysis of the matching results. For edges, a simplified version of the LSB-Snakes is implemented to match the edges, which are represented by parametric linear B-spline functions in object space. With this method, the parameters of linear B-spline functions of the edges in object space are directly estimated, together with the matching parameters in the image spaces of multiple images. The system has been tested extensively of linear array images with different image resolution and over different landcover types. The accuracy evaluation is based on the comparison between high quality DEMs/DSMs derived from airborne Laser Scanner or manual measurements and the automatically extracted DSMs. As evidenced by the visual inspection of the results, we can reproduce not only the general geomorphological features of the terrain relief, but also detailed features of relief. The results from the quantitative accuracy test indicate that the presented concept has the capability to give good and encouraging results. If the bias introduced by trees and buildings is taken out, we can expect a height accuracy of one pixel or even better from satellite imagery as “best case” scenario. In case of very highresolution TLS/SI images (footprint 8 cm and better) it is obvious that the “one pixel rule” cannot be maintained any more. Alone surface roughness and modeling errors will lead to larger deviations, such that an accuracy of 2 to 5 pixels should be considered an acceptable result.
216 citations
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: A matching procedure for automatic DSM generation from linear array imagery data with effective combination of several image matching algorithms and automatic quality control that can provide dense, precise and reliable results.
Abstract: CCD linear array sensors are widely used to acquire panchromatic and multispectral imagery for photogrammetric and remote sensing applications. The processing of this kind of images provides a challenge for algorithmic redesign and this opens the possibility to reconsider and improve many photogrammetric processing components. In addition, the basic capabilities of image matching techniques have so far not been fully utilized yet. This paper presents a matching procedure for automatic DSM generation from linear array imagery data. It can provide dense, precise and reliable results. The method uses a coarse-to-fine hierarchical solution with an effective combination of several image matching algorithms and automatic quality control. The DSMs are generated by combination of matching results of feature points, grid points and edges. Finally, a modified multi-photo geometrically constrained (MPGC) matching algorithm is employed to achieve sub-pixel accuracy for all the matched features with multi-image or multi-strip image data. The proposed approach in this paper has been applied to different areas with varying textures and terrain types. The accuracy tests are based on the comparison between the high quality DEMs / DSMs derived from airborne Laser Scanner or manual measurements and the automatic extracted DSMs. Results with STARIMAGER, IKONOS and SPOT5 HRS images are reported. We demonstrate with these experiments that our approach leads to good results.
104 citations