Viscoelastic Modeling and Field Validation of Flexible Pavements
01 Feb 2006-Journal of Engineering Mechanics-asce (American Society of Civil Engineers)-Vol. 132, Iss: 2, pp 172-178
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate pavement responses to vehicular loading at different temperatures and speeds, and compared with field-measured pavement responses from the Virginia Smart Road.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to characterize hot-mix asphalt (HMA) viscoelastic properties at intermediate and high temperatures and to incorporate laboratory-determined parameters into a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model to accurately simulate pavement responses to vehicular loading at different temperatures and speeds. Results of the developed FE model were compared against field-measured pavement responses from the Virginia Smart Road. Results of this analysis indicated that the elastic theory grossly underpredicts pavement responses to vehicular loading at intermediate and high temperatures. In addition, the elastic FE model could not simulate permanent deformation or delayed recovery, a known characteristic of HMA materials. In contrast, results of the FE viscoelastic model were in better agreement with field measurements. In this case, the average error in the prediction was less than 15%. The FE model successfully simulated retardation of the response in the transverse direction and rapid relaxation of HMA in the longitudinal direction. Moreover, the developed model allowed predicting primary rutting damage at the surface and its partial recovery after load application.
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TL;DR: In this article, a model and a software called ViscoRoute have been developed to analyze the effect of traffic of slow-moving multiple loads on the bottom of asphalt pavement layers, where the structure is represented by a multilayered half-space, the thermo-viscoelastic behaviour of asphalt layers is accounted by the Huet-Sayegh rheological law and loads are assumed to move at constant speed.
Abstract: As shown by strains measured on full scale experimental aircraft structures, traffic of slow-moving multiple loads leads to asymmetric transverse strains that can be higher than longitudinal strains at the bottom of asphalt pavement layers. To analyze this effect, a model and a software called ViscoRoute have been developed. In these tools, the structure is represented by a multilayered half-space, the thermo-viscoelastic behaviour of asphalt layers is accounted by the Huet-Sayegh rheological law and loads are assumed to move at constant speed. First, the paper presents a comparison of results obtained with ViscoRoute to results stemming from the specialized literature. For thick asphalt pavement and several configurations of moving loads, other ViscoRoute simulations confirm that it is necessary to incorporate viscoelastic effects in the modelling to well predict the pavement behaviour and to anticipate possible damages in the structure.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of transient dynamic loading on flexible pavements was estimated, where a transient dynamic load model was successfully incorporated into a three-dimensional finite element model, and dynamic flexible pavement responses to one pass of a heavy vehicular load through a dual-tire assembly were calculated.
Abstract: The effect of transient dynamic loading on flexible pavements was estimated. Transient dynamic loads within a tire-to-pavement contact area are characterized by continuously increasing or decreasing local dynamic contact stresses, depending on vehicle speed. A transient dynamic load model was successfully incorporated into a three-dimensional finite element model. Dynamic flexible pavement responses to one pass of a heavy vehicular load through a dual-tire assembly were calculated. Results of this study indicate that the flexible pavement response at different pavement temperatures varies depending on whether the analysis was quasi-static or dynamic, where the mass inertia and damping forces by the transient local dynamic loads are considered in the equation of motion. Results also show that the time-dependent history of the calculated pavement responses in the dynamic analysis is more comparable to measurements in the field. The transverse and longitudinal tensile strains at the bottom of the hot-mix asphalt and the compressive stress at the top of the subgrade are underestimated when the mass inertia and damping forces exerted by the transient local dynamic load are ignored.
82 citations
Cites methods from "Viscoelastic Modeling and Field Val..."
...The generalized Maxwell solid model (Prony series), which is a mechanical analogue to viscoelastic material behavior, was selected to simulate the linear viscoelastic behavior of HMA layers in this study (13)....
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...If the three-parameter Kelvin–Voigt model is used as a time-dependent creep compliance model, the creep compliance function can be defined as follows (13):...
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TL;DR: In this article, an approach to determine accurate creep compliance from the combination of creep and complex modulus tests at a single temperature was developed, which provided accurate creep compliant values that corresponded to short-term and long-term experimental data.
Abstract: Creep compliance (or relaxation modulus), which is a fundamental property that determines the strain (or stress) development in flexible pavements or damage evolution in asphalt mixtures, can be determined from either a creep compliance test using static loading or a complex modulus test using cyclic loading. Since the nature of each test is different, creep compliance determined from the complex modulus test was significantly different compared with that determined from the creep compliance test. From this rigorous experimental and analytical study, it was concluded that the creep compliance or complex modulus test alone is not capable of providing complete information over the typical time or frequency range used in single-temperature tests. In general, the complex modulus test provides accurate creep compliance at short loading time, while the creep compliance test provides accurate creep compliance at longer loading time. An approach to determine accurate creep compliance from the combination of creep and complex modulus tests at a single temperature was developed. The method provided accurate creep compliance values that corresponded to short-term and long-term experimental data.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effects of pavement interface conditions on hot-mix asphalt overlay response using the laboratory and field measurements accompanied by a numerical analysis and synthesised the accelerated and laboratory test results with a 3D finite element (FE) model.
Abstract: This study investigates the effects of pavement interface conditions on hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlay response using the laboratory and field measurements accompanied by a numerical analysis. A laboratory and accelerated testing programme were conducted as part of a comprehensive study to determine the optimum tack coat application rate for HMA–Portland cement concrete (PCC) composite pavements by Leng et al. (2008, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2057, 46–53; 2009, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2127, 20–28). This study synthesises the accelerated and laboratory test results with a 3D finite element (FE) model to evaluate the effects of various bonding conditions on the overlay response as well as the interface behaviour. The model outcome was validated using the laboratory and field results. The FE model was utilised to extend the findings of this study to different temperatures, tyre configurations and loading ...
63 citations
Cites methods from "Viscoelastic Modeling and Field Val..."
...3D FE analysis of full-scale pavements under moving traffic loading has been successfully implemented to predict critical pavement responses and validate the responses with field measurements (Elseifi et al. 2006, Yoo et al. 2006, Yoo and Al-Qadi 2007)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used linear elastic layer analysis to identify critical tensile strains and their time-dependent responses and found that tensile strain occurred at the bottom and at the top of an asphalt layer and grew because of the rheological behavior of asphalt mixture.
Abstract: When employing linear elastic layer analysis, which is widely used for the structural analysis of flexible pavements, it is commonly observed that most critical tensile strains occur at the bottom of an asphalt layer. It is well known that an asphalt mixture is a viscoelastic material, so its response is time and rate dependent; therefore, the results from the elastic assumption may not be borne out in the response of the asphalt layer. This study utilized viscoelastic analysis to identify critical tensile strains and their time-dependent responses. It was found that tensile strains occurred at the bottom and at the top of an asphalt layer and grew because of the rheological behavior of an asphalt mixture. As load repetitions continued, the strain at the top showed a higher strain value than the strain value at the bottom. A sensitivity analysis performed on various design parameters indicated that the development of strains at the top and at the bottom is a function of the structural characteristics of pavement structures. Expected trends were observed and findings compared favorably to results of field-calibrated top-down cracking model predictions.
54 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1961
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the nature of Viscoelastic behavior of polymeric systems and approximate relations among the linear Viscoels and approximate interrelations among the Viscelastic Functions.
Abstract: The Nature of Viscoelastic Behavior. Illustrations of Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymeric Systems. Exact Interrelations among the Viscoelastic Functions. Approximate Interrelations among the Linear Viscoelastic Functions. Experimental Methods for Viscoelastic Liquids. Experimental Methods for Soft Viscoelastic Solids and Liquids of High Viscosity. Experimental Methods for Hard Viscoelastic Solids. Experimental Methods for Bulk Measurements. Dilute Solutions: Molecular Theory and Comparisons with Experiments. Molecular Theory for Undiluted Amorphous Polymers and Concentrated Solutions Networks and Entanglements. Dependence of Viscoelastic Behavior on Temperature and Pressure. The Transition Zone from Rubberlike to Glasslike Behavior. The Plateau and Terminal Zones in Uncross-Linked Polymers. Cross-Linked Polymers and Composite Systems. The Glassy State. Crystalline Polymers. Concentrated Solutions, Plasticized Polymers, and Gels. Viscoelastic Behavior in Bulk (Volume) Deformation. Applications to Practical Problems. Appendices. Author & Subject Indexes.
12,676 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the findings of a research task to identify a simple test for confirming key performance characteristics of Superpave volumetric mix designs, including permanent deformation, fatigue cracking, and low-temperature cracking.
Abstract: This report presents the findings of a research task to identify a simple test for confirming key performance characteristics of Superpave volumetric mix designs. In this initial phase of the work, candidate tests for permanent deformation, fatigue cracking, and low-temperature cracking were identified and recommended for field validation in the next phase of work. The report will be of particular interest to materials engineers in state highway agencies, as well as to materials suppliers and paving contractor personnel responsible for design and production of hot mix asphalt.
633 citations
TL;DR: Schapery and Park as discussed by the authors presented an approximate analytical interconversion method for linear viscoelastic material functions based on a Prony series representation using experimental data from selected polymeric materials.
552 citations
01 Oct 1993
TL;DR: The SHRP A-005 project developed detailed pavement performance models to support these binder and mixture specifications and performance-based mixture designs as mentioned in this paper, which can predict the amount of fatigue cracking, thermal cracking and rutting in asphalt concrete pavements.
Abstract: A result of the Strategic Highway Research Program's asphalt research is the development of performance-based specifications for asphalt binders and mixtures to control 3 distress modes: rutting; fatigue cracking; and thermal cracking. The SHRP A-005 project developed detailed pavement performance models to support these binder and mixture specifications and performance-based mixture designs. This report documents the findings of this extensive research effort and provides supporting data for the performance-based specifications and mixture design procedure called SUPERPAVE. The A-005 contract developed and used a sophisticated, mechanistic-based pavement performance model to define the relationships between asphalt binder and mixture properties and pavement distress. A comprehensive pavement performance model was developed that predicts the amount of fatigue cracking, thermal cracking and rutting in asphalt concrete pavements with time, using results from the accelerated laboratory tests. The pavement performance models for each distress were also used to confirm the relevant binder and mixture properties established by other SHRP contractors. The model has 3 parts: a mixture evaluation model; a pavement response model; and a pavement distress model.
391 citations
TL;DR: In this article, extensive studies of the viscoelastic properties of polymers undertaken in the author's laboratory by means of the method of stress relaxation are reviewed and a rather complete over-all picture of these phenomena seems to be emerging.
Abstract: Extensive studies of the viscoelastic properties of polymers undertaken in the author's laboratory by means of the method of stress relaxation are here reviewed The discussion is divided into four parts: chemical stress relaxation, stress relaxation in amorphous polymers, stress relaxation in crystalline polymers, and stress relaxation in certain natural polymers and polyelectrolytes Mathematical description of the phenomena are presented in simple form The relation between structure and viscoelastic properties of polymers are discussed and a rather complete over‐all picture of these phenomena seems to be emerging
170 citations