Volatile Fatty Acid Analyses of Blood and Rumen Fluid by Gas Chromatography
About: This article is published in Journal of Dairy Science.The article was published on 1961-09-01 and is currently open access. It has received 1668 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Fatty acid & Gas chromatography.
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TL;DR: The ability of different enteric pathogens and coliforms to trigger agglutination of yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, NCYC 1026) and a yeast cell wall preparation (MOS) was examined and had no effect on cecal concentrations of lactobacilli, enterococci, anaerobic bacteria, lactate, volatile fatty acid, or cECal pH.
805 citations
Cites methods from "Volatile Fatty Acid Analyses of Blo..."
...Volatile fatty acid analysis was conducted on a Hewett-Packard model 5890 gas chromatograph,9 fitted with a 180-cm × 4-mm glass column, containing 10% SP 1000 and 1% H3PO4 on 100/120 Chromosorb WAW10 with a modification of the method described by Erwin et al. (1961)....
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TL;DR: Dietary incorporation of fermentable, indigestible oligosaccharides, by providing SCFA, lowering pH, and increasing bifidobacteria, may be beneficial in improving gastrointestinal health.
Abstract: Certain indigestible oligosaccharides may benefit gastrointestinal tract health via fermentation and proliferation of desirable bacterial species. The purpose of this study was to elucidate effects of selected oligosaccharides on cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration, pH, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and gut microbiota levels in rats. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: 1) control diet; 2) control diet + 5% microcrystalline cellulose (5% CC); 3) control diet + 5% CC + 6% fructooligosaccharides; 4) control diet + 5% CC + 6% oligofructose; or 5) control diet + 5% CC + 6% xylooligosaccharides. The control diet consisted of (dry matter basis) 20% protein, 65% carbohydrate, 10.5% fat, vitamin and mineral mixes. The duration of the study was 14 d. The oligofructose- and fructooligosaccharide-containing diets resulted in higher cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the control, cellulose and xylooligosaccharide diets. Generally, total cecal SCFA pools were higher while pH was lower from ingesting oligosaccharide-containing diets compared with control or cellulose diets. Cecal total weight and wall weight were higher from oligosaccharide consumption, whereas colonic total wet weight was higher for rats consuming xylooligosaccharides compared with other treatments; colon wall weight was unaffected by treatments. Cecal bifidobacteria and total anaerobes were higher whereas total aerobes were lower in rats fed oligosaccharide diets compared with those fed the control diet. Cecal lactobacilli levels were unaffected by treatment. Dietary incorporation of fermentable, indigestible oligosaccharides, by providing SCFA, lowering pH, and increasing bifidobacteria, may be beneficial in improving gastrointestinal health.
727 citations
TL;DR: Microbial protein constituted a larger portion of the total N and had a greater influence on the pattern and quantity of amino acids that passed to the duodenum than did protein from fish meal or soybean meal, which escaped ruminal degradation.
337 citations
327 citations
TL;DR: Five trials investigated the feeding value of wet and dried corn distillers byproducts as a source of protein and energy for growing and finishing cattle and investigated the effect of heat damage on the feedingvalue of dried distiller byproducts.
Abstract: Five trials investigated the feeding value of wet and dried corn distillers byproducts as a source of protein and energy for growing and finishing cattle and investigated the effect of heat damage on the feeding value of dried distillers byproducts. In a calf growth trial, no differences in rate of gain or protein efficiency were observed among calves fed wet distillers byproducts (wet distillers grains + thin stillage; WDB) or one of three composites of dried distillers grains + solubles (DDGS) having a low, medium, or high concentration of ADIN. A finishing trial compared the energy value of dry-rolled corn (DRC) with WDB or the three DDGS composites, fed at 40% of the diet DM replacing DRC. Cattle consuming WDB or DDGS gained faster ( P .lo). In a lamb finishing trial, the addition of 5 or 10% ethanol did not affect (P > .lo) daily gain, DMI, or feed efficiency. In two metabolism trials with steers, grain byproducts (wet distillers grains, dry distillers grains plus solubles, wet corn gluten feed, dry corn gluten feed, hominy feed) and DRC had similar effects on ruminal pH and total VFA. Feeding thin stillage or condensed solubles reduced (P < .lo) ruminal pH and tended to reduce acetate:propionate. Wet corn distillers byproducts, fed at 40% of the diet DM, contain more NE, than did DRC and drying WDB reduces its NE, content. Acid detergent insoluble N is a poor indicator of protein and energy value in distillers grains.
326 citations
References
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TL;DR: Modifications necessary to the theory of Martin & Synge (1941) to allow for the compressibility of the mobile phase are presented and the application of the gas-liquid partition chromatogram to the separation of volatile fatty acids is described.
Abstract: Industry has long used charcoal or other solid absorbents in columns for cleaning gas streams or for solvent recovery, and more recently Turner (1943), Claesson (1946), Glueckauf, Barker & Kitt (1949), Phillips (1949) and Turkel'taub (1950) have used charcoal in gas chromatograms for the analysis of hydrocarbons and esters. Gas-liquid scrubbing columns have been used in industry for many years but, though Martin & Synge (1941) suggested the use of gas-liquid partition chromatograms for analytical purposes, no work has been reported along these lines. This paper presents modifications necessary to the theory of Martin & Synge (1941) to allow for the compressibility of the mobile phase and describes the application ofthe gas-liquid partition chromatogram to the separation of volatile fatty acids. The separations obtainable by this method are essentially parallel to those obtainable by distillation, but good separations can be achieved much more easily and it is possible to work with very much smaller quantities. In fact, the lower limit of quantity of material used is determined only by the efficiency of detection. In general, far less trouble from azeotrope formation is to be expected, since the concentrations of the substances to be separated in the liquid phase are always low and it may be possible to choose a liquid phase which associates only with one component of the azeotrope. Work on a preparative scale, though theoretically possible, is likely to be inconvenient because of the bulk of the apparatus. The method of detection described here is acid-base titration, but many methods of detecting changes in the composition ofa gas stream could be used and it is intended in future publications to explore some of these, which should extend the range of application to all substances capable of being distilled at the pressure of a few mm. of mercury. In suitable cases the gas-liquid partition column has two principal advantages over the ordinary liquid-liquid partition column: (a) the low viscosity of the mobile phase allows relatively longer columns to be used with a corresponding gain in efficiency and (b) in general it is easier to detect changes in composition of a gas than of a liquid stream. A THEORY OF GAS-LIQUID PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY
1,513 citations
TL;DR: Guggenheim, K. & Bichowsky, L. (1948).
Abstract: Guggenheim, K. & Bichowsky, L. (1948). Rep. Activ. Palest. Bd sci. industr. Res. 1945-8, p. 37. Kovacs, A. S., Guggenheim, K. & Kligler, I. J. (1939). The Composition of Vegetables, Fruits and Milk Produced in Palestine. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press. Lvavi, J. (1955). Food Balance Sheet of Israel (1949/50-1953/54). Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics. National Research Council: Food and Nutrition Board (1952). Publ. nut. Res. Coun., Wash., no. 234. National Research Council: Food and Nutrition Board (1953). Publ. nut. Res. Coun., Wash., no. 302,
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TL;DR: Gas chromatography of unesterified fatty acids is extended to higher fatty acids (C12 and higher) using silicone oil plus β-anthraquinone carboxylic acid and ‘Apiezon L’ grease as liquid phases and considerable tailing of the peak occurs and extremely high column temperatures are required.
Abstract: THE gas chromatography of unesterified fatty acids was first reported by James and Martin1, who used a column liquid phase of silicone oil containing 10 per cent stearic acid. Beerthuis et al.
2 extended this work to higher fatty acids (C12 and higher) using silicone oil plus β-anthraquinone carboxylic acid and ‘Apiezon L’ grease as liquid phases. With these systems, considerable tailing of the peak occurs and extremely high column temperatures are required. The association phenomenon of the carboxyl group is responsible for the difficulty of the analysis.
102 citations
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