Walkability in urban landscapes: a comparative study of four large cities in China
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Cites background from "Walkability in urban landscapes: a ..."
...Despite ‘lower accessibility’ correlating negatively to walkability, other spatial characteristics corresponded with most studies on a walkable environment of ‘a higher residential density and various amenities within a walkable distance’ in the city centre (e.g. Cerin et al., 2013; Fan et al., 2018; Frank et al., 2010; Mehta, 2008)....
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...…recent years, a few studies have focused on walkable environments but they tend to ignore the nuanced understanding and features (e.g. fast development, high density and temporal use of streets) of Chinese cities at the micro-scale (e.g. Fan et al., 2018; Sun, Liu, & Kong, 2015; Zhou & Long, 2017)....
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...vendors and dynamically used by pedestrians? From the review above, it can be seen that the empirical basis and temporal data are lacking at a micro-scale (Fan et al., 2018)....
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...From the review above, it can be seen that the empirical basis and temporal data are lacking at a micro-scale (Fan et al., 2018)....
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...…negatively to walkability, other spatial characteristics corresponded with most studies on a walkable environment of ‘a higher residential density and various amenities within a walkable distance’ in the city centre (e.g. Cerin et al., 2013; Fan et al., 2018; Frank et al., 2010; Mehta, 2008)....
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References
3,809 citations
"Walkability in urban landscapes: a ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...…traditional classification methods, object-oriented classification methods utilize the spectral, texture and geometric features comprehensively (Blaschke 2010), which helps to rectify the issues of ‘‘different spectrum with same object’’ for urban land use classification (Blaschke et al. 2014)....
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...In comparison with traditional classification methods, object-oriented classification methods utilize the spectral, texture and geometric features comprehensively (Blaschke 2010), which helps to rectify the issues of ‘‘different spectrum with same object’’ for urban land use classification (Blaschke et al....
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...…take the spectral information for classification without considering vast texture and geometric features, which will cause to a mass of sliver patches and cannot deal with the issues of ‘‘different spectrum with same object’’ and ‘‘different objects with same spectrum’’ (Hay and Blaschke 2010)....
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2,218 citations
"Walkability in urban landscapes: a ..." refers background in this paper
...Nevertheless, it is generally agreed that a walkable neighborhood has well mixed land use, well-connected streets, and high residential density (Saelens et al. 2003; Lake et al. 2006)....
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1,400 citations
"Walkability in urban landscapes: a ..." refers background in this paper
...…researchers and policies makers can incorporate public health data to further understand the relationships between walkability and public health, as explored by other studies such as Frank et al. (2005), Smith et al. (2008), Brown et al. (2009), Frank et al. (2010) and Smith et al. (2011)....
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...First, due to limitations in data availability, most walkability studies have used 1 km resolution (Frank et al. 2005; Marshall et al. 2009) or other variable sized spatial units, such as neighborhoods in Belgium (De Meester et al. 2012), census block groups in the US (Smith et al. 2008; Brown et al. 2009; Frank et al. 2010), and census collection districts in Australia (Leslie et al. 2005; Owen et al. 2007)....
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...First, land use mix has been found to have the greatest explanatory power of variation in the valid number of minutes of moderate activity per day (Frank et al. 2005)....
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...Each of the following components were modified or redefined from Frank et al. (2005) and Lovasi et al. (2009) to fit the data reality in Chinese cities: • Net residential density (NRD): the number of household population per 0.01 km2 of residential use, as an indicator of residential density; • Street connectivity (SC): the number of true intersections (i.e., intersections with three or more legs) per 0.01 km2 as an indicator of street connectivity; to calculate the street connectivity of a grid cell, a 500 m radius around its center was drawn to tally the number of intersections within it; • Land-use mix (LUM): the mixed level of six land use types of (1) residential, (2) commercial and office, (3) industrial, (4) institutional (e.g., schools, libraries, kindergartens), (5) green/park area, and (6) water and wetland; LUM of a grid cell is calculated with a 500 m radius around its center; • Transit Stops (TS): the number of bus (BS) and subway/light rail stops (SLS) per 0.01 km2; the BS or SLS of a grid cell is calculated with a 500 m radius around its center; • Flatness of Land (FL): the difference between maximum elevation and minimum elevation of the 100 m 9 100 m land area....
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...It not only benefits the economy, such as consumer savings through reduced vehicle use, public cost savings for transportation infrastructure, and cost saving from the improved land use efficiency, but also advances sustainability in environment and equity, such as less environmental damage from vehicle emissions and waste of resources, increased safety, community livability and cohesion, and personal health benefits (Littman 1994, 2003; Sturm and Cohen 2004; Frank et al. 2006; Cortright 2009)....
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1,231 citations
"Walkability in urban landscapes: a ..." refers methods in this paper
...…traditional classification methods, object-oriented classification methods utilize the spectral, texture and geometric features comprehensively (Blaschke 2010), which helps to rectify the issues of ‘‘different spectrum with same object’’ for urban land use classification (Blaschke et al. 2014)....
[...]
...In comparison with traditional classification methods, object-oriented classification methods utilize the spectral, texture and geometric features comprehensively (Blaschke 2010), which helps to rectify the issues of ‘‘different spectrum with same object’’ for urban land use classification (Blaschke et al. 2014)....
[...]
1,210 citations
"Walkability in urban landscapes: a ..." refers background in this paper
...First, due to limitations in data availability, most walkability studies have used 1 km resolution (Frank et al. 2005; Marshall et al. 2009) or other variable sized spatial units, such as neighborhoods in Belgium (De Meester et al. 2012), census block groups in the US (Smith et al. 2008; Brown et al. 2009; Frank et al. 2010), and census collection districts in Australia (Leslie et al. 2005; Owen et al. 2007)....
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...Each of the following components were modified or redefined from Frank et al. (2005) and Lovasi et al. (2009) to fit the data reality in Chinese cities: • Net residential density (NRD): the number of household population per 0.01 km2 of residential use, as an indicator of residential density; • Street connectivity (SC): the number of true intersections (i.e., intersections with three or more legs) per 0.01 km2 as an indicator of street connectivity; to calculate the street connectivity of a grid cell, a 500 m radius around its center was drawn to tally the number of intersections within it; • Land-use mix (LUM): the mixed level of six land use types of (1) residential, (2) commercial and office, (3) industrial, (4) institutional (e.g., schools, libraries, kindergartens), (5) green/park area, and (6) water and wetland; LUM of a grid cell is calculated with a 500 m radius around its center; • Transit Stops (TS): the number of bus (BS) and subway/light rail stops (SLS) per 0.01 km2; the BS or SLS of a grid cell is calculated with a 500 m radius around its center; • Flatness of Land (FL): the difference between maximum elevation and minimum elevation of the 100 m 9 100 m land area....
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...It not only benefits the economy, such as consumer savings through reduced vehicle use, public cost savings for transportation infrastructure, and cost saving from the improved land use efficiency, but also advances sustainability in environment and equity, such as less environmental damage from vehicle emissions and waste of resources, increased safety, community livability and cohesion, and personal health benefits (Littman 1994, 2003; Sturm and Cohen 2004; Frank et al. 2006; Cortright 2009)....
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...found strong relationships between a neighborhood’s walkability and level of physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and the prevalence of chronic diseases (Sturm and Cohen 2004; Doyle et al. 2006; Frank et al. 2006; Smith et al. 2011)....
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...Due to the importance of walkability in urban environment and quality of life, researchers have developed a variety of walkability indexes (WIs) to evaluate the walkability for urban landscapes, with a focus on cities in Western countries, such as Salt Lake City, Seattle, Baltimore, and Washington D.C. in the USA, Ghent in Belgium, and Adelaide in Australia (Leslie et al. 2005; Frank et al. 2005, 2006; Owen et al. 2007; Smith et al. 2008; Brown et al. 2009; Marshall et al. 2009; Frank et al. 2010; De Meester et al. 2012)....
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