War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks

doi:10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2009.09.029

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War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks

Journal Article•DOI•

War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks

Kenneth E. Miller¹, Andrew Rasmussen²•Institutions (2)

Harvard University¹, New York University²

01 Jan 2010-Social Science & Medicine (Soc Sci Med)-Vol. 70, Iss: 1, pp 7-16

TL;DR: An integrative, sequenced approach to intervention is proposed in which daily stressors are first addressed, and specialized interventions are then provided for individuals whose distress does not abate with the repair of the social ecology.

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About: This article is published in Social Science & Medicine.The article was published on 2010-01-01. It has received 1099 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mental health & War Exposure.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors.

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Mina Fazel¹, Ruth V. Reed², Catherine Panter-Brick³, Alan Stein¹•Institutions (3)

University of Oxford¹, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust², Yale University³

21 Jan 2012-The Lancet

TL;DR: In this article, a systematic search and review of individual, family, community, and societal risk and protective factors for mental health in children and adolescents who are forcibly displaced to high-income countries was conducted.

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938 citations

Book•

A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems

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Teresa L. Scheid, Tony N. Brown

01 Nov 2009

TL;DR: It is tested whether significant differences in mental illness exist in a matched sample of Mental illness and the criminal justice system.

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Abstract: We test whether significant differences in mental illness exist in a matched sample of Mental illness and the criminal justice system. In T. L. Scheid T. N. Brown (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories. Find 9780521567633 A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health : Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems by Horwitz et al at over 30 bookstores. Buy, rent. A review of mental health problems in fathers following the birth of a child. for the study of mental health:Social contexts, theories, and systems (2nd ed., pp.

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842 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The contemporary refugee crisis: an overview of mental health challenges

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Derrick Silove¹, Peter Ventevogel², Susan Rees¹•Institutions (2)

University of New South Wales¹, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees²

01 Jun 2017-World Psychiatry

TL;DR: Sustainability of services, ensuring best practice, evidence‐based approaches, and promoting equity of access must remain the goals of future developments, a daunting challenge given that most refugees reside in settings where skills and resources in mental health care are in shortest supply.

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412 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The Relationship Between Post-Migration Stress and Psychological Disorders in Refugees and Asylum Seekers

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Susan S. Y. Li¹, Belinda J. Liddell¹, Angela Nickerson¹•Institutions (1)

University of New South Wales¹

20 Jul 2016-Current Psychiatry Reports

TL;DR: Findings indicate that socioeconomic, social, and interpersonal factors, as well as factors relating to the asylum process and immigration policy affect the psychological functioning of refugees.

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Abstract: Refugees demonstrate high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychological disorders. The recent increase in forcible displacement internationally necessitates the understanding of factors associated with refugee mental health. While pre-migration trauma is recognized as a key predictor of mental health outcomes in refugees and asylum seekers, research has increasingly focused on the psychological effects of post-migration stressors in the settlement environment. This article reviews the research evidence linking post-migration factors and mental health outcomes in refugees and asylum seekers. Findings indicate that socioeconomic, social, and interpersonal factors, as well as factors relating to the asylum process and immigration policy affect the psychological functioning of refugees. Limitations of the existing literature and future directions for research are discussed, along with implications for treatment and policy.

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392 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures.

[...]

Allen Y. Tien

01 Mar 1997-The Journal of Nervous &amp Mental Disease

367 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

The social readjustment rating scale

[...]

Thomas H. Holmes¹, Richard H. Rahe•Institutions (1)

Washington University in St. Louis¹

01 Aug 1967-Journal of Psychosomatic Research

TL;DR: This report defines a method which achieves etiologic significance as a necessary but not sufficient cause of illness and accounts in part for the time of onset of disease and provides a quantitative basis for new epidemiological studies of diseases.

...read moreread less

10,629 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events?

[...]

George A. Bonanno¹•Institutions (1)

Columbia University¹

01 Jan 2004-American Psychologist

TL;DR: Evidence is reviewed that resilience represents a distinct trajectory from the process of recovery, that resilience in the face of loss or potential trauma is more common than is often believed, and that there are multiple and sometimes unexpected pathways to resilience.

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Abstract: Many people are exposed to loss or potentially traumatic events at some point in their lives, and yet they continue to have positive emotional experiences and show only minor and transient disruptions in their ability to function. Unfortunately, because much of psychology’s knowledge about how adults cope with loss or trauma has come from individuals who sought treatment or exhibited great distress, loss and trauma theorists have often viewed this type of resilience as either rare or pathological. The author challenges these assumptions by reviewing evidence that resilience represents a distinct trajectory from the process of recovery, that resilience in the face of loss or potential trauma is more common than is often believed, and that there are multiple and sometimes unexpected pathways to resilience. M ost people are exposed to at least one violent or life-threatening situation during the course of their lives (Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003). As people progress through the life cycle, they are also increasingly confronted with the deaths of close friends and relatives. Not everyone copes with these potentially disturbing events in the same way. Some people experience acute distress from which they are unable to recover. Others suffer less intensely and for a much shorter period of time. Some people seem to recover quickly but then begin to experience unexpected health problems or difficulties concentrating or enjoying life the way they used to. However, large numbers of people manage to endure the temporary upheaval of loss or potentially traumatic events remarkably well, with no apparent disruption in their ability to function at work or in close relationships, and seem to move on to new challenges with apparent ease. This article is devoted to the latter group and to the question of resilience in the face of loss or potentially traumatic events. The importance of protective psychological factors in the prevention of illness is now well established (Taylor, Kemeny, Reed, Bower, & Gruenewald, 2000). Moreover, developmental psychologists have shown that resilience is common among children growing up in disadvantaged conditions (e.g., Masten, 2001). Unfortunately, because most of the psychological knowledge base regarding the ways adults cope with loss or potential trauma has been derived from individuals who have experienced significant psychological problems or sought treatment, theorists working in this area have often underestimated and misunderstood resilience, viewing it either as a pathological state or as something seen only in rare and exceptionally healthy individuals. In this article, I challenge this view by reviewing evidence that resilience in the face of loss or potential trauma represents a distinct trajectory from that of recovery, that resilience is more common than often believed, and that there are multiple and sometimes unexpected pathways to resilience.

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5,415 citations

"War exposure, daily stressors, and ..." refers background in this paper

...Such differences include disagreement over the extent to which people are vulnerable or resilient in the face of extreme and persistent stress (Bonanno, 2004; Kostelny & Wessells, 2004; Neuner & Elbert, 2007); the ethics and efficiency of individualized clinical interventions in settings where distress is widespread and mental health resources are scarce (Inter-Agency Standing Committee, 2007; Miller & Rasco, 2004; Neuner, Karunakara, & Elbert, 2004); and the appropriateness of applying Western psychiatric diagnoses such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma-focused clinical treatments such as narrative exposure therapy (Neuner, Karunakara, et al....
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...suggest (Bonanno, 2004), and that with adequate support and the passing of time, the majority of trauma survivors are likely to regain...
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...Such differences include disagreement over the extent to which people are vulnerable or resilient in the face of extreme and persistent stress (Bonanno, 2004; Kostelny & Wessells, 2004; Neuner & Elbert, 2007); the ethics and efficiency of individualized clinical interventions in settings where…...
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...adapted to helping us cope effectively with exposure to acute, lifethreatening events, which may help explain why, as noted earlier, only a minority of people exposed to potentially traumatic experiences actually develop PTSD or other psychiatric disorders (Bonanno, 2004; Foa & Rothbaum, 2001)....
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...…to helping us cope effectively with exposure to acute, lifethreatening events, which may help explain why, as noted earlier, only a minority of people exposed to potentially traumatic experiences actually develop PTSD or other psychiatric disorders (Bonanno, 2004; Foa & Rothbaum, 2001)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events

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Allen D. Kanner¹, James C. Coyne¹, Catherine Schaefer¹, Richard S. Lazarus¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Berkeley¹

01 Mar 1981-Journal of Behavioral Medicine

TL;DR: It was found that the Hassles Scale was a better predictor of concurrent and subsequent psychological symptoms than were the life events scores, and that the scale shared most of the variance in symptoms accounted for by life events.

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Abstract: The standard life events methodology for the prediction of psychological symptoms was compared with one focusing on relatively minor events, namely, the hassles and uplifts of everyday life Hassles and Uplifts Scales were constructed and administered once a month for 10 consecutive months to a community sample of middle-aged adults It was found that the Hassles Scale was a better predictor of concurrent and subsequent psychological symptoms than were the life events scores, and that the scale shared most of the variance in symptoms accounted for by life events When the effects of life events scores were removed, hassles and symptoms remained significantly correlated Uplifts were positively related to symptoms for women but not for men Hassles and uplifts were also shown to be related, although only modestly so, to positive and negative affect, thus providing discriminate validation for hassles and uplifts in comparison to measures of emotion It was concluded that the assessment of daily hassles and uplifts may be a better approach to the prediction of adaptational outcomes than the usual life events approach

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3,045 citations

"War exposure, daily stressors, and ..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

...…previous section, measures of daily stressors have sometimes included items that may be quite traumatic in their intensity; this does not seem consistent with the lower level types of chronic stress that were intended by the concept of daily hassles (Kanner et al., 1981; Rowlison & Felner, 1988)....
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...…strongly predictive of psychological distress than exposure to major life eventsdthe sort of acutely stressful experiences measured by such life events checklists as the widely used Holmes and Rahe Scale (1967) (Johnson & Sherman, 1997; Kanner et al., 1981; Rowlison & Felner, 1988; Ruffin, 1993)....
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...…examining pre- and post-migration stressors see Porter & Haslam, 2005); and (3) studies of non-war-affected populations in which so-called ‘‘daily hassles’’ are often more highly associated with mental health symptom severity than major life events (Kanner et al., 1981; Rowlison & Felner, 1988)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001.

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Fran H. Norris¹, Matthew J. Friedman, Patricia J. Watson, Christopher M Byrne¹, Eolia M. Diaz¹, Krzysztof Kaniasty² - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

Georgia State University¹, University of Pennsylvania²

01 Jan 2002-Psychiatry MMC

TL;DR: Within adult samples, more severe exposure, female gender, middle age, ethnic minority status, secondary stressors, prior psychiatric problems, and weak or deteriorating psychosocial resources most consistently increased the likelihood of adverse outcomes.

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Abstract: Results for 160 samples of disaster victims were coded as to sample type, disaster type, disaster location, outcomes and risk factors observed, and overall severity of impairment. In order of frequency, outcomes included specific psychological problems, nonspecific distress, health problems, chronic problems in living, resource loss, and problems specific to youth. Regression analyses showed that samples were more likely to be impaired if they were composed of youth rather than adults, were from developing rather than developed countries, or experienced mass violence (e.g., terrorism, shooting sprees) rather than natural or technological disasters. Most samples of rescue and recovery workers showed remarkable resilience. Within adult samples, more severe exposure, female gender, middle age, ethnic minority status, secondary stressors, prior psychiatric problems, and weak or deteriorating psychosocial resources most consistently increased the likelihood of adverse outcomes. Among youth, family factors were primary. Implications of the research for clinical practice and community intervention are discussed in a companion article (Norris, Friedman, and Watson, this volume).

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2,688 citations

"War exposure, daily stressors, and ..." refers background in this paper

...…from research on stress and social support suggest that strengthening social support networks is likely to exert significant beneficial effects on mental health, and may in fact buffer against the development of PTSD in the wake of exposure to potentially traumatic stress (Norris et al., 2002)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The neurobiology of stress and development.

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Megan R. Gunnar, Karina Quevedo¹•Institutions (1)

University of Minnesota¹

01 Jan 2007-Annual Review of Psychology

TL;DR: The anatomy and physiology of stress responding, the relevant animal literature, and the importance of individual differences as a lens through which to approach questions about stress experiences during development and child outcomes are reviewed.

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Abstract: Stress is a part of every life to varying degrees, but individuals differ in their stress vulnerability. Stress is usefully viewed from a biological perspective; accordingly, it involves activation of neurobiological systems that preserve viability through change or allostasis. Although they are necessary for survival, frequent neurobiological stress responses increase the risk of physical and mental health problems, perhaps particularly when experienced during periods of rapid brain development. Recently, advances in noninvasive measurement techniques have resulted in a burgeoning of human developmental stress research. Here we review the anatomy and physiology of stress responding, discuss the relevant animal literature, and briefly outline what is currently known about the psychobiology of stress in human development, the critical role of social regulation of stress neurobiology, and the importance of individual differences as a lens through which to approach questions about stress experiences during development and child outcomes.

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1,661 citations

"War exposure, daily stressors, and ..." refers background in this paper

...…axis) in a state of continuous activation, which in turn has been linked (via the effects of prolonged exposure to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids) to increased risk of both physical and emotional disorder (Christopher, 2004; Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007; Sapolsky, 2004)....
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