Wavelength-Dependent Model of a Ring Resonator Sensor Excited by a Directional Coupler
TL;DR: In this paper, the spectral characteristics of a ring resonator made of Si photonic wires are modeled using mode expansion of supermodes of the directional coupler, and the influence of the coupling coefficient, loss factor and waveguide dispersion on the spectral features are analyzed in detail.
Abstract: The spectral characteristics of a ring resonator made of Si photonic wires are modeled using mode expansion of supermodes of the directional coupler. The influence of the coupling coefficient, loss factor and waveguide dispersion on the spectral features are analyzed in detail. The model is then compared with the experimental data of a ring resonator designed for sensing purposes. The model that includes a wavelength dependence on coupling length reproduces the large variations of the envelope of the experimental spectrum, when coupling coefficient cover its full range from 0 to 1. Fitting parameters explain the details of the experimental spectrum and contribute to the sensor optimization, as well as illustrating general guidelines for ring resonator design.
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TL;DR: In this article, the role of silicon device layer thickness in design optimization of various components that need to be integrated in a typical optical transceiver, including both passive ones for routing, wavelength selection, and light coupling as well as active ones such as monolithic modulators and on-chip lasers produced by hybrid integration.
Abstract: The current trend in silicon photonics towards higher levels of integration as well as the model of using CMOS foundries for fabrication are leading to a need for standardization of substrate parameters and fabrication processes In particular, for several established research and development foundries that grant general access, silicon-on-insulator wafers with a silicon thickness of 220 nm have become the standard substrate for which devices and circuits have to be designed In this study we investigate the role of silicon device layer thickness in design optimization of various components that need to be integrated in a typical optical transceiver, including both passive ones for routing, wavelength selection, and light coupling as well as active ones such as monolithic modulators and on-chip lasers produced by hybrid integration We find that in all devices considered there is an advantage in using a silicon thickness larger than 220 nm, either for improved performance or for simplified fabrication processes and relaxed tolerances
176 citations
Cites background from "Wavelength-Dependent Model of a Rin..."
...The coupling strength can be characterized by a coupling length Lπ which is the length for full power transfer from one waveguide to the other [78]....
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TL;DR: It is shown how coupling and loss coefficients of ring resonators can be disentangled based on how they vary with wavelength or device parameters.
Abstract: A method is developed for extracting the coupling and loss coefficients of ring resonators from the peak widths, depths, and spacings of the resonances of a single resonator. Although the formulas used do not distinguish which coefficient is coupling and which is loss, it is shown how these coefficients can be disentangled based on how they vary with wavelength or device parameters.
108 citations
TL;DR: Experimental and theoretical results of label-free molecular sensing using the transverse magnetic mode of a 0.22 mum thick silicon slab waveguide with a surface grating implemented in a guided mode resonance configuration show high sensitivity and good agreement with calculations based on rigorous coupled wave analysis.
Abstract: We present experimental and theoretical results of label-free molecular sensing using the transverse magnetic mode of a 0.22 μm thick silicon slab waveguide with a surface grating implemented in a guided mode resonance configuration. Due to the strong overlap of the evanescent field of the waveguide mode with a molecular layer attached to the surface, these sensors exhibit high sensitivity, while their fabrication and packaging requirements are modest. Experimentally, we demonstrate a resonance wavelength shift of ~1 nm when a monolayer of the protein streptavidin is attached to the surface, in good agreement with calculations based on rigorous coupled wave analysis. In our current optical setup this shift corresponds to an estimated limit of detection of 0.2% of a monolayer of streptavidin.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed analysis of racetrack resonators on silicon on insulator substrates is presented, where both the temperature effects and the particularities of silicon nanophotonics are considered throughout the approach.
Abstract: This paper presents a detailed analysis of racetrack resonators on silicon on insulator substrates. Both the temperature effects and the particularities of silicon nanophotonics are considered throughout the approach. This paper provides a detailed description of the numerical modeling and its application to different designs, while providing several charts and fitting equations. The results presented in this paper can be applied to three major applications: Thermo-optical tuning of optical resonators, thermo-optical modulator and wide range/high sensitivity temperature sensors. While quantifying the temperature effects, this paper also provides useful answers on how critical the temperature parameter is in the optical cavity behaviour.
58 citations
Cites background from "Wavelength-Dependent Model of a Rin..."
...As pointed out in [27], it is mandatory to consider the dispersion effects up to the second order for an accurate modelling of such high index contrast waveguides....
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...However this calculation is not straight forward, mostly because of the high dispersion in such high index contrast waveguides [11], [27]....
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TL;DR: A complete photonic wire molecular biosensor microarray chip architecture and supporting instrumentation is described, used to demonstrate a multiplexed assay for serotyping E. coli bacteria using serospecific polyclonal antibody probe molecules.
Abstract: A complete photonic wire molecular biosensor microarray chip architecture and supporting instrumentation is described. Chip layouts with 16 and 128 independent sensors have been fabricated and tested, where each sensor can provide an independent molecular binding curve. Each sensor is 50 μm in diameter, and consists of a millimeter long silicon photonic wire waveguide folded into a spiral ring resonator. An array of 128 sensors occupies a 2 × 2 mm2 area on a 6 × 9 mm2 chip. Microfluidic sample delivery channels are fabricated monolithically on the chip. The size and layout of the sensor array is fully compatible with commercial spotting tools designed to independently functionalize fluorescence based biochips. The sensor chips are interrogated using an instrument that delivers sample fluid to the chip and is capable of acquiring up to 128 optical sensor outputs simultaneously and in real time. Coupling light from the sensor chip is accomplished through arrays of sub-wavelength surface grating couplers, and the signals are collected by a fixed two-dimensional detector array. The chip and instrument are designed so that connection of the fluid delivery system and optical alignment are automated, and can be completed in a few seconds with no active user input. This microarray system is used to demonstrate a multiplexed assay for serotyping E. coli bacteria using serospecific polyclonal antibody probe molecules.
54 citations
References
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Book•
26 Feb 1988
TL;DR: The Diskette v 2.04, 3.5'' (720k) for IBM PC, PS/2 and compatibles [DOS] Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08.
Abstract: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.- Diskette v 2.04, 3.5'' (720k) for IBM PC, PS/2 and compatibles [DOS] Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08
9,345 citations
"Wavelength-Dependent Model of a Rin..." refers methods in this paper
...At this point the results serve as initial conditions for the second step of the algorithm that uses the downhill simplex method in multidimensions (program AMOEBA from Numerical Recipes [ 20 ]) to converge more rapidly to the minimum identified in the previous step....
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Book•
01 Jan 2000
1,493 citations
"Wavelength-Dependent Model of a Rin..." refers methods in this paper
...The first part of the paper deals with the theoretical model to describe the transmission of a ring resonator excited by a directional coupler that confirms and complements the Coupled Mode Theory [16]; the model is then used to describe the characteristics of an experimental spectrum....
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...With this definition of , the normalized transmittance is obtained using the guidelines given by Okamoto [16]...
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...With this definition of , the normalized transmittance is obtained using the guidelines given by Okamoto [16] (6) where the factor is the coupler loss....
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TL;DR: The purpose of this paper is to review in some detail the important development of this new and fascinating field, and to caution the reader that the technology involved is difficult because of the smallness and perfection demanded by thin-film optical devices.
Abstract: Integrated optics is a far-reaching attempt to apply thin-film technology to optical circuits and devices, and, by using methods of integrated circuitry, to achieve a better and more economical optical system. The specific topics discussed here are physics of light waves in thin films, materials and losses involved, methods of couplings light beam into and out of a thin film, and nonlinear interactions in waveguide structures. The purpose of this paper is to review in some detail the important development of this new and fascinating field, and to caution the reader that the technology involved is difficult because of the smallness and perfection demanded by thin-film optical devices.
1,060 citations
"Wavelength-Dependent Model of a Rin..." refers methods in this paper
...[25] agree very well with Tien’s model [26] modified for bend waveguides....
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IBM1
TL;DR: The fabrication and accurate measurement of propagation and bending losses in single-mode silicon waveguides with submicron dimensions fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafers with record low numbers can be used as a benchmark for further development of silicon microphotonic components and circuits.
Abstract: We report the fabrication and accurate measurement of propagation and bending losses in single-mode silicon waveguides with submicron dimensions fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafers. Owing to the small sidewall surface roughness achieved by processing on a standard 200mm CMOS fabrication line, minimal propagation losses of 3.6+/-0.1dB/cm for the TE polarization were measured at the telecommunications wavelength of 1.5microm. Losses per 90 masculine bend are measured to be 0.086+/-0.005dB for a bending radius of 1microm and as low as 0.013+/-0.005dB for a bend radius of 2microm. These record low numbers can be used as a benchmark for further development of silicon microphotonic components and circuits.
999 citations
"Wavelength-Dependent Model of a Rin..." refers background in this paper
...6 dB/cm for TE polarized light in [28], 0....
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TL;DR: This work proposes a label-free biosensor based on microring cavities in Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) that fits in an area below 10x10mum(2), and uses the avidin/biotin high affinity couple to demonstrate good repeatability and detection of protein concentrations down to 10ng/ml.
Abstract: Label-free biosensors attempt to overcome the stability and reliability problems of biosensors relying on the detection of labeled molecules We propose a label-free biosensor based on microring cavities in Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) that fits in an area below 10x10mum(2) The resonance wavelength shift that occurs when the surroundings of a cavity is changed, is used for sensing While theoretically the performance for bulk refractive index changes is moderate (10(-5)), this device performs outstanding in terms of absolute molecular mass sensing (theoretical sensitivity of 1fg molecular mass) thanks to its extremely small dimensions We use the avidin/biotin high affinity couple to demonstrate good repeatability and detection of protein concentrations down to 10ng/ml Fabrication with Deep UV lithography allows for cheap mass production and integration with electronic functions for complete lab-on-chip devices
809 citations
"Wavelength-Dependent Model of a Rin..." refers background in this paper
...In terms of minimum, (11) becomes: , for a practical as in [ 30 ]....
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