Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

[...]

Anup Kumar Maurya¹, Chandan Pandey¹, Rahul Chhibber¹•Institutions (1)

Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur¹

01 Aug 2021-International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the dissimilar welded joint's microstructure and mechanical behavior, and the effect of intermetallic phases such as sigma phase, FCC carbides like (M23C6, M6C, and M7C3), laves phase, R and χ-phase, Z-phase on the mechanical property of dissimilar welding joints of each material are reviewed in detail.

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64 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Spot Welded Aluminum Alloy AA2014

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S. Babu¹, V. S. Sankar¹, G.D. Janaki Ram¹, P. V. Venkitakrishnan², G. Madhusudhan Reddy³, K. Prasad Rao¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras¹, Indian Space Research Organisation², Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory³

01 Jan 2013-Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

TL;DR: Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a relatively recent development, which can provide a superior alternative to resistance spot welding and riveting for fabrication of aluminum sheet metal structures.

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Abstract: Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a relatively recent development, which can provide a superior alternative to resistance spot welding and riveting for fabrication of aluminum sheet metal structures. In the current work, FSSW experiments were conducted in 3-mm thick sheets of aluminum alloy 2014 in T4 and T6 conditions, with and without Alclad layers. The effects of tool geometry and welding process parameters on joint formation were investigated. A good correlation between process parameters, bond width, hook height, joint strength, and fracture mode was observed. The presence of Alclad layers and the base metal temper condition were found to have no major effect on joint formation and joint strength. Friction stir spot welds produced under optimum conditions were found to be superior to riveted joints in lap-shear and cross-tension tests. The prospects of FSSW in aluminum sheet metal fabrication are discussed.

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64 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Evaluation of wire arc additive manufacturing for large-sized components in naval applications

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A. Queguineur¹, G. Rückert¹, F. Cortial¹, Jean-Yves Hascoet²•Institutions (2)

DCNS¹, École centrale de Nantes²

01 Mar 2018-Welding in The World

TL;DR: In this article, the conditions of the filler material deposit by the CMT® process and the consequences on the manufacturing time were investigated for two different metallic materials and the in-service performance (mechanical and corrosion properties) was evaluated.

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Abstract: By extrapolating knowledge in multipass welding and developing multiaxial robot solutions, the wire deposit in 3D or wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) can be an innovative solution to propose a credible alternative for rough cast parts with a large size and a quite complex geometry such as different components for naval application. In the framework of the Joint Laboratory of Marine Technology (JLMT), DCNS Research and Ecole Centrale de Nantes (ECN) are associated to develop especially additive manufacturing activities for large components. In this experimental study, the authors propose to investigate for two different metallic materials the conditions of the filler material deposit by the CMT® process and the consequences on the manufacturing time. Moreover, the in-service performance (mechanical and corrosion properties) is evaluated. In a first approach, austenitic stainless steel and copper-aluminum alloys have been evaluated.

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62 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Selective laser melting (SLM) of gold (Au)

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Mushtaq Khan¹•Institutions (1)

University of the Sciences¹

13 Jan 2012-Rapid Prototyping Journal

TL;DR: In this paper, a full factorial approach was used to vary the processing parameters and identify suitable processing region for gold powder, and the effects of laser processing parameters on the internal porosity of the multi-layer parts were examined.

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Abstract: Purpose – Different metals have been processed using laser‐based solid freeform fabrication (SFF) processes but very little work has been published on the selective laser melting (SLM) of gold (Au). The purpose of this paper is to check the properties of gold powder and identify suitable processing parameters for SLM of 24 carat gold powder.Design/methodology/approach – A full factorial approach was used to vary the processing parameters and identify suitable processing region for gold powder. The effects of laser processing parameters on the internal porosity of the multi‐layer parts were examined.Findings – The gold powder was found to be cohesive in nature with apparent and tap densities of 9.3 and 10.36 g/cm3, respectively. The reflectance of gold powder was found to be 85 per cent in the infrared range. A very narrow good melting region was identified for gold powder. The balling phenomenon was observed at both low and high scan speeds. The size of droplets in the balling region tended to increase wi...

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61 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The effects of laser welding parameters on the microstructure of ferritic and duplex stainless steels welds

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Joonas Pekkarinen¹, Veli Kujanpää¹•Institutions (1)

Lappeenranta University of Technology¹

01 Jan 2010-Physics Procedia

TL;DR: In this paper, microstructural changes occur in ferritic and duplex stainless steels when heat input is controlled by welding parameters, and they were identified and examined using optical metallographic methods.

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60 citations