Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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CALPHAD Based Cellular Model of Dendrite Growth in Welds

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Ghazi Alsoruji

01 Jan 2020

TL;DR: In this paper, a computational model of dendritic growth based on the CALPHAD thermodynamic model was developed, which allows for the investigation of some practical alloys such as stainless steels.

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Abstract: A computational model of dendritic growth based on the CALPHAD thermodynamic model was developed in this study. The dendrite growth was simulated using cellular automata (CA) with the equilibrium conditions in interfacial cells. The developed novel model (CA-CALPHAD) overcomes the current limitation of the published CA models, in which linearized phase diagrams are used, and allows for the investigation of some practical alloys such as stainless steels. To reduce the computational time, the study proposes a specific data structure to store the thermodynamic information and an efficient interpolation scheme to retrieve the information during the simulation. The model takes into account the curvature effect of the evolving solid/liquid (S/L) interface by incorporating the capillarity undercooling into the thermodynamic information during the simulation. The finite volume (FV) numerical scheme was used to solve the mass and heat diffusion equations. The developed CA-CALPHAD model can be used to investigate the free growth, constrained growth, and competitive growth of dendrites in response to different solidification parameters. The results of modeling include the dendrite morphology, dendrite size, solute segregation in the dendrite, dendrite growth rate, dendrite tip radius, and the spacing between primary and secondary dendritic arms. Finally, a procedure of linking the developed CA-CALPHAD model to a computational welding mechanics tool (CWM) was developed producing a holistic multiphysics model (CWM-CA-CALPHAD). Therefore, the model can be used to predict the microstructure of a weld in response to realistic welding parameters and weld joints design.

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4 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Deposição a Laser de Superliga à Base de Cobalto sobre Aço Inoxidável Austenítico

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Marcelo T. Veiga¹, Leandro João da Silva², Alexsandro Rabelo³, Moisés Felipe Teixeira³, Paulo R. A. Bloemer³, Guilherme Ourique Verran¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina¹, Federal University of Uberlandia², SENAI³

19 May 2021-Soldagem & Inspecao

TL;DR: In this paper, a fonte de laser de diodo, equipada com um cabecote coaxial continuo, was used for deposicao de revestimentos of Stellite 6 livres de descontinuidades and com geometria adequada sobre aco inoxidavel austenitico.

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Abstract: Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar parâmetros de processamento a laser para deposicao de revestimentos de Stellite 6 livres de descontinuidades e com geometria adequada sobre aco inoxidavel austenitico. Revestimentos foram depositados com uma fonte de laser de diodo, equipada com um cabecote coaxial continuo, utilizando diferentes potencias do feixe e velocidades de varredura. A geometria (largura, altura, ondulacao e diluicao) dos revestimentos foi medida por meio de analise da seccao transversal. Esses dados obtidos foram utilizados para a modelagem do processo (superficie de resposta) e para estimar parâmetros otimizados (funcao desejabilidade), que foram posteriormente verificados experimentalmente. A microestrutura dos revestimentos depositados com os parâmetros otimizados foi caracterizada por microscopia optica e eletronica de varredura. A selecao adequada dos parâmetros resultou em revestimentos com bom acabamento, livre de descontinuidades superficiais e baixa diluicao. Os resultados mostram que a potencia do laser teve efeito significativo sobre a diluicao, enquanto a velocidade influenciou na altura da camada depositada. A microestrutura resultante do revestimento e composta por dendritas ricas em cobalto e a regiao interdendritica com carbonetos de cromo. Os resultados de dureza estao de acordo com o previsto na literatura.

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4 citations

Dissertation•

Design of Electrode Coatings for Bimetallic Welds

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Deepak Bhandari, Rajeev Mehta, Rahul Chhibber, Navneet Arora

28 Apr 2017

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a table of contents and a list of tables and lists of figures, including the following categories: Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6

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Abstract: ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii-vii LIST OF TABLES viii-x LIST OF FIGURES xi-xv CHAPTER

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4 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Studying flow effects on dendrite fragmentation using Rayleigh–Bénard convection

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J.W. Aveson¹•Institutions (1)

University of Cambridge¹

01 Aug 2012-Materials Science and Technology

TL;DR: In this article, a Benard cell was constructed for the solidification of a transparent alloy under Rayleigh-Benard convection, and dendrite fragmentation was observed, and the flow field was mapped.

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Abstract: The present paper reports on an in situ experiment to investigate the effects of fluid flow on dendrite fragmentation. A Benard cell was constructed for the solidification of a transparent alloy under Rayleigh–Benard convection. Dendrite fragmentation was observed, and the flow field was mapped. It was found that a Benard cell provides a useful apparatus for studying dendrite fragmentation under controlled conditions in transparent alloys. Preliminary results showed that structural fragmentation occurs under relatively quiescent flow conditions, suggesting that deformation processes play little role in this system.

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4 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Theoretical Analysis for Solidification Cracking Susceptibility in Type 316FR Stainless Steel Laser Welds

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Eun-Joon Chun¹, Hayato Baba¹, Kazutoshi Nishimoto², Kazuyoshi Saida¹•Institutions (2)

Osaka University¹, Fukui University of Technology²

01 Jan 2015-Quarterly Journal of The Japan Welding Society

TL;DR: For quantitative evaluation of solidification cracking susceptibility in two kinds of type 316FR stainless steel (316FR-A and 316FR-B) laser welds, laser beam welding transverse-Varestraint test was performed as discussed by the authors.

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Abstract: For quantitative evaluation of solidification cracking susceptibility in two kinds of type 316FR stainless steel (316FR-A and 316FR-B) laser welds, laser beam welding (LBW) transverse-Varestraint test was performed. As the welding speed increased from 1.67 to 40.0 mm/s, enlargement range of solidification brittle temperature range (BTR) for 316FR-B (from 14 to 40 K) was larger than that for 316FR-A (from 37 to 46 K), respectively. Based on theoretical calculations for solid/liquid coexistence temperature range by using Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi and solidification segregation models, the reason for larger increment of the BTR for 316FR-B could be regarded as larger decrement of δ-ferrite amount during the welding solidification than that for 316FR-A, affecting severe increment of the impurities’ segregation (S and P), thereby more enlarging the solid/liquid coexistence temperature range as compared with that of 316FR-A.

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4 citations