Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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[...]

Saeed Asadi, Tohid Saeid, Alireza Valanezhad, J. Khalil Allafi

10 Jan 2020

TL;DR: Saeed et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the dissimilar welding of NiTi shape memory alloy to AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel archwires and found that the obtained microstructure from the laser weld of these alloys has a dendritic and nonhomogeneous structure.

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Abstract: In this research, dissimilar welding of NiTi shape memory alloy to AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel Archwires was investigated. For this purpose, common straight orthodontic archwire with rectangular cross-section and dimensions of * یکینورتکلا تسپ ،لوئسم هدنسیون : saeid@sut.ac.ir نا ا یراک و یروان و مو ع D ow nl oa de d fr om jw st i.i ut .a c. ir at 1 0: 56 IR S T o n M on da y F eb ru ar y 3r d 20 20 www.SID.ir Archive of SID يدسا دیعس ناراکمه و رشن ، ی ه روانف و مولع ي راکشوج ي ا ی ،نار لاس مجنپ هرامش ، 2 ، ناتسمز و زییاپ 1398 هحفص ، 152 141 142 (0.635 × 0.432 mm) were selected and the laser welding technique was used to connect the wires. The microstructure, chemical composition and phasesin the weld zone of the joints werestudied with Optical microscopy (OM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS analysis system, focused X-ray diffraction (Micro-XRD).Also, the mechanical properties of the weld zone were investigated by using Vickers microhardness test. Microstructure investigation showed that the obtained microstructure from the laser weld of these alloys has a dendritic and nonhomogeneous structure. According to XRD analysis, brittle intermetallic compounds such as Fe2Ti, Cr2Ti, TiNi3, and Ti2Ni wereformed during laser welding in the weld zone. Formation of these brittle intermetallics caused increasing the hardness of the weld zoneabout 800 HV. and decreasing the mechanical properties. Also, Fe2Ti intermetallic particles mainly formed in the weld region near the NiTi fusion zone which results in stress concentration, micro-cracks formation and dropping joints mechanical properties. Therefore, a suitable modification process is required to control the chemical composition of the weld zone and improving the joint properties of dissimilar laser welded archwires of these alloys.

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4 citations

Dissertation•

Effects of Increasing Laser Power on Microstructure Formed During Selective Laser Melting of Co-29Cr-6Mo Alloy

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Kourosh Darvish

01 Jan 2018

TL;DR: Acknowledgement, acknowledgements, publication, and attestation of authorship are listed in the Appendix of the paper as mentioned in this paper, along with a table of content and a list of figures.

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Abstract: ............................................................................................................................. I Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................... IV List of Publication ............................................................................................................ V Table of Content .............................................................................................................. VI List of Figures .............................................................................................................. VIII List of Tables ............................................................................................................. XVII Nomenclature ............................................................................................................ XVIII Attestation of Authorship .............................................................................................. XX

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4 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Effect of Relative Plate Thickness in the Heat Flow and Cooling Rate during Welding of Super Duplex Stainless Steel

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André de Albuquerque Vicente, Roberto Luiz de Souza, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Renato Rodrigues de Aguiar, Pexcin Paul, Amilton Barbosa Botelho, Juni - Show less +3 more

30 May 2020-Journal of Engineering and Technology

TL;DR: In this article, the best welding practices to the duplex stainless steel UNS S32750 (Super Duplex) were studied, guaranteeing welded joints that showed the ideal volumetric fractions of ferrite and austenite and, consequently, the mechanical properties according to the project.

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Abstract: Duplex stainless steels are characterized by their biphasic, ferritic-austenitic microstructure. The ideal volumetric fraction of these phases in duplex stainless steels, is of 50% ferrite and 50% austenite, however, this condition is difficult to be obtained when arc welding these materials. A detailed analysis of the effect of relative plate thickness in the heat flow and, consequently, in the cooling rate during welding of duplex stainless steel is of fundamental importance. The correct adjustment of the welding parameters leads to an optimum cooling rate of the joint, which guarantees a good balance of the volume fractions of ferrite and austenite, and results in acceptable mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In this work, the best welding practices to the duplex stainless steel UNS S32750 (Super Duplex) were studied, guaranteeing welded joints that showed the ideal volumetric fractions of ferrite and austenite and, consequently, the mechanical properties according to the project. Complementary techniques of microstructural analysis were used, such as optical emission spectrometry, optical microscopy and quantitative image analysis.

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4 citations

Characterization of microstructure and mechanical behaviour of heat affected zones in robotic arc welding of AA6061-T6

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Zeli Arhumah

24 Apr 2019

TL;DR: In this article, the welding thermal cycle and the microstructural and mechanical properties of welded aluminum AA6061-T6 plates were studied using a Yaskawa robot integrated with Fronius Trans Plus Synergic 4000 arc welding equipment and metal filler AA4043.

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Abstract: GMAW welding of aluminum AA6061-T6 introduce changes in the mechanical properties of the heat affected zone (HAZ) by changing the microstructure obtained from heat treatment. The variation of the welding thermal cycle across the HAZ produces different mechanical properties in subzones of the HAZ. The purpose of this investigation is to investigate the variation of the microstructure and mechanical behaviour in the HAZ subzones and correlate these subzones with the welding thermal cycle. In this study, the welding thermal cycle, and the microstructural and mechanical properties of welded aluminum AA6061-T6 plates were studied. The plates were prepared and welded in two different configurations using a Yaskawa robot integrated with Fronius Trans Plus Synergic 4000 arc welding equipment and metal filler AA4043. The welding thermal cycle was obtained experimentally from different locations on the welded plates. Using SYSWELD software the heat source was adjusted using the thermal cycle obtained from the experimental work and the size of the welding pool to reproduce the welding thermal cycle. Simulation was performed to observe the heat distribution in two configurations of the welded plate. The numerical model offers an adequate approximation to the welding thermal profile measured during the welding process. The characterization of mechanical properties was obtained using a microhardness test on welding cross section and a 2D map used to illustrate the microhardness at the welding cross section. Moreover, mechanical behavior and local deformation in subzones of the heat affected zone were investigated using digital image correlation (DIC) with a micro-flat tensile test. The mechanical properties of subzones of the HAZ were correlated with the welding thermal cycle as well as with the microstructure of the HAZ that was investigated experimentally. It was observed that the welding thermal cycle controls the variation of the microstructure across the HAZ, which significantly effects the mechanical behaviour of the HAZ. The change of precipitates sequence from βʺ to βʹ and β explains these changes.

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3 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Effect of Alumina Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Metal Inert Gas Welded Low Carbon Steel

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S. Sathish, M. Geetha¹•Institutions (1)

VIT University¹

25 Sep 2017-Transactions of The Indian Ceramic Society

TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of alumina addition on weld appearance, microstructure and mechanical properties of metal inert gas (MIG) welded low carbon mild steel were investigated.

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Abstract: In this study, influence of alumina addition on weld appearance, microstructure and mechanical properties of metal inert gas (MIG) welded low carbon mild steel were emphatically investigated. Experimental results show that all the joints were smooth with free of cracks. Microstructures of MIG and laser remelted joints show the presence of columnar and equiaxed dendrites. Furthermore, superior microhardness of MIG welded joint over alumina added and laser remelted joints is ascribed to the presence of columnar dendrites. Fractography of the tensile tested alumina added joint exhibited a mixed mode of ductile and brittle characteristics and this is attributed to the presence of acicular ferrites and bainite in the microstructure.

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3 citations