Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Open Access

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DOI•

Influence of gas tungsten arc welding parameters on the formability of aluminum tailor welded blanks

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R. Safdarian

01 Oct 2017

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of welding current, pressure of shielding gas, welding speed and diameter of filler material on the formability and mechanical properties of tailor welded blanks is investigated.

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Abstract: Welding method and its parameters has an important effect on the formability and mechanical properties of tailor welded blanks(TWBs). In this study gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW) is used to joint aluminum TWBs. Aluminum TWBs consist of 6061 aluminum sheets with different thickness of 1mm and 2mm. Main parameters of GTAW consist of welding current, pressure of shielding gas, welding speed and diameter of filler material are investigated. Design of experiment based on the Tauguchi method is used to investigate the effect of each parameter and also parameters interaction. Erichsen formability test which is an out-of-plane forming test is used for formability investigation of aluminum TWBs. Forming height of Erichsen test is used as a criterion to study the effect of GTAW parameters on the quality of aluminum TWBs. Results of present study shows that shielding gas pressure and welding speed have the greatest impact on the formability of aluminum TWBs.

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3 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The impact of Ni on the corrosion behavior and microstructure of weld metal fabricated from E8018-G electrodes

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Majid Fakheri¹, Hamid R. Zare¹, Zahra Mohammadpour¹, Masoud Mosallaee¹•Institutions (1)

Yazd University¹

01 Jun 2020-Welding in The World

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of using Ni in weld metals on their corrosion parameters and microstructures was examined on weld metals made of weld electrodes of the E8018-G type in conditions equal to industrial standards.

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Abstract: Due to the importance of the weld metal corrosion, this study aims at the effect of using Ni in weld metals on their corrosion parameters and microstructures. In this regard, the effect of negligible amounts of Ni up to 8.0 wt.% is examined on weld metals made of weld electrodes of the E8018-G type in conditions equal to industrial standards. The corrosion parameters of the weld metals are evaluated through potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments in a corrosive solution of 3.5% NaCl. The morphology of the weld metals is examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Through evaluating the morphology, corrosion current density (Jcorr), corrosion rate (CR), and polarization resistance (RP) of the weld metals containing different amounts of Ni, it is indicated that Ni plays an important role in creating anti-corrosion properties. The microstructure studies indicate that a weld metal containing 2.91 wt.% Ni is homogeneous, and its major phase is acicular ferrite (AF). The results also show that an optimal amount of 2.91 wt.% Ni in a weld metal provides the highest corrosion resistance in a corrosive solution.

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3 citations

Crane wheel renovation by the weld repairing technologies

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J. Vinaš, L. Kaščak

01 Jan 2008

TL;DR: In this article, the quality of traverse crane wheels made of weld repaired Gr. 90-60 material, ASTM A148, was analyzed with three types of weld repair technologies with various filling materials.

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Abstract: The article deals with analysis the quality of traverse crane wheels made of weld repaired Gr. 90-60 material, ASTM A148. Three types of weld repair technologies with various filling materials were used. Weared wheel was welded with one interlayer in combination of additional materials wire A 106 with F 1, and two cover layers made in combination of A 508 wire with F 13 addition. Wheel surface was hardened after welding to depth of 3 mm. As a second technology was combination of A 106 wire with F 11 addition. Two cover layers were made by combination of RD 520 wire with F 56 addition. Third technology was realized with one layer of C 113 wire in inert atmosphere 80 % Ar + 20% CO2. Two cover layers were made by wire with self protect Lincore 40-O. Properties of repaired traverse crane wheels were compared with the properties of new wheels with surface hardened layer. The welds were exposed to adhesive wearing where surface resistance was examined by the weight loss. Influence of particular elements on the welds chemical composition was examined by EDX analyzes. .

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3 citations

Dissertation•

Through-thickness microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam similar welded AISI 316L stainless steel and dissimilar welded AISI 316L / Ti6Al4V

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Muhaed Alali

01 Aug 2017

TL;DR: In this paper, a defect-free electron beam welded 20 mm thick AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel has been investigated as a function of beam power, and the weld microstructure is characterised by a columnar and equiaxed dendritic ferrite in an austenite matrix.

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Abstract: Through thickness microstructure and mechanical properties of defect-free electron beam welded 20 mm thick AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel has been investigated as a function of beam power. The weld microstructure is characterised by a columnar and equiaxed dendritic ferrite in an austenite matrix. The dendritic structure was finer at the bottom of the weld zone. A microstructural boundary called “Parting” was seen along the weld centreline. Tensile tests, using a digital image correlation technique, demonstrated that the highest strain was concentrated in the fusion zone. The bottom section of the weld metal exhibited a yield strength of about 14 – 52 MPa higher than the top section. The ultimate tensile strength in the bottom of the weld was also about 4% higher than the top. The final fracture was detected in the parting region. It was observed from the EBSD scan that the grains in the weld zone contained a weak orientation and showed a high Schmid factor intensity with interception between some strong grains and soft grains at the weld centreline boundary. This explains the high weld ductility and the failure to happen in the parting region. Dissimilar welding of 20 mm thick AISI 316L stainless steel to TiAl6V4 using electron beam welding process was carried out. A successful joint was possible through using of copper sheet with 1.5 mm thick as a transition layer between the two metals. Preheating the weld samples was performed to lower the heat input and reduce the residual stresses. A double pass welding technique was applied to achieve full weld penetration. The weld microstructure was studied by SEM, EDS and XRD. The sensitivity of the microstructure to cracking was evaluated by a microhardness test of the weld cross-section. The weld region near the stainless steel contained Fe and Cu in solid solution. While the weld area near the titanium alloy characterised by the copper solid solution with Cu-Ti and Cu-Fe- Ti intermetallic phases. Ti-Fe intermetallic compounds was suppressed and replaced by relatively soft Cu-Ti intermetallics, which significantly improved the joint toughness. However, the formation of Ti-Cu at the Ti/Cu interface makes this region still susceptible to cracking.

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3 citations

Dissertation•DOI•

Influence of welding on high strength steel butt joints

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Cheng Chen

01 Jan 2019

3 citations