Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Effects of Preheating and Cooling Rate on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Tungsten Inert Gas Welded Joints of AA5083-H321 Aluminum Alloy

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P. Shahsavari¹, H. R. Rezaei Ashtiani¹•Institutions (1)

Arak University¹

01 Oct 2020-Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

TL;DR: In this paper, various preheating treatment and cooling rates conditions were carried out in Tungsten Inert Gas welding to study mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution of AA5083-H321 aluminum alloy welded joints.

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Abstract: Various preheating treatment and cooling rates conditions were carried out in Tungsten Inert Gas welding to study mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution of AA5083-H321 aluminum alloy welded joints. The microstructural analysis illustrated the diverse grain size during welding at different preheating and cooling rate. The highest preheat temperature caused to enlarge dendritic grains and during the fastest cooling rate formed the smaller grains. Also, the texture and grain size impressed on tensile behavior and hardness welds. Grain structure of the heat-affected zone, partially melted zone, and weld metal appeared to have a tangible relationship with preheating and cooling rate conditions. The microhardness of these regions increased by increasing the cooling rate and decreasing the preheating temperature. The high preheating had a negative effect on the hardness and width of different zones of welded joints. The results showed that the cooling rate has remarkable effects on the mechanical properties of the welded specimen.

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3 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing on the Microstructure and Room·High Temperature Tensile Properties of Fe-Cr-Ni based HK30 Alloy Manufactured by Metal Injection Molding Process

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Young-Kyun Kim, Tae-Sik Yoon, Kee-Ahn Lee

05 Feb 2018-Korean Journal of Metals and Materials

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on properties of the MIM material was examined and the average grain size measured 24.1 μm for an MIM specimen and 29.1 µm for a HIP+HIP sample.

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Abstract: This study manufactured Fe-Cr-Ni-based alloy (HK30) using the metal injection molding (MIM) process and investigated the microstructure and room·high temperature mechanical properties of the material. The effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on properties was also examined. The average grain size measured 24.1 μm for an MIM specimen and 29.1 μm for an MIM+HIP specimen. Microstructure and phase analysis results confirmed that the matrix mainly consisted of γ-Fe, and Cr23C6 phase. To evaluate the mechanical properties of the material, tensile tests were performed at room temperature and 900 C. The tensile tests at room temperature measured tensile strengths of 609.6 MPa for the MIM specimen and 645.0 MPa for the MIM+HIP specimen, and elongation of 32.7% and 43.7%, respectively. In both strength and elongation, the MIM+HIP sample had greater performance. The tensile results at 900 C also showed that the HIP+MIM specimen had higher strength and elongation. This was attributed to fewer macro cracks, denser structures and finer distribution of Nb based carbide due to the additional HIP. This study also discussed the deformation behavior of MIM material at room·high temperatures. (Received August 21, 2017; Accepted November 16, 2017)

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3 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Study of MIG/MAG welding procedures for application of coatings of Inconel 625 nickel alloy on ASTM A387 Gr.11 structural steel

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Nathália Escóssio Cavalcante¹, Tathiane Caminha Andrade¹, Pedro Helton Magalhães Pinheiro¹, Hélio Cordeiro de Miranda¹, Marcelo Ferreira Motta¹, Willys Machado Aguiar¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Federal University of Ceará¹

01 Feb 2018-Welding International

TL;DR: In this paper, the double-layer technique was applied to repair of components made of ASTM A387 Gr.11 steel, widely used in the oil and gas industry, which was effective in improving the properties of the microstructure in heataffected zone coatings, intense grain refinement was found.

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Abstract: This work aims to study welding techniques applied to repair of components made of ASTM A387 Gr.11 steel, widely used in the oil and gas industry. Due to the working conditions, it is necessary to use materials having good strength and corrosion resistance. UNS N06625 Ni-based alloy (Inconel 625) was used as the filler metal. The MIG/MAG welding process was used to apply the temper bead welding technique with two layers. The methodology of this study was divided in stages, in the first one, exploratory trials were carried out to define the relevance of the studied control factors. In the second step, hardness and microstructure criteria were applied for defining the best heat input relations for the application of the double-layer technique. The double-layer technique was effective in improving the properties of the microstructure in heat-affected zone coatings, intense grain refinement was found. There was also a reduction in microhardness and hardness measurements. Both used shielding gases (Ar ...

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3 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Investigating governing parameters influencing solidification process in pulsed laser micro-welding of AISI 316L thin foils using finite element method

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Hamed Sheikhbahaee, Mohammad Reza Pakmanesh, S. Javid Mirahmadi, Saeed Asghari

04 Jul 2021-The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

TL;DR: In this article, a three-dimensional finite element model was developed to investigate the effects of power, pulse duration, and frequency of the laser beam on the governing parameters of the microstructure at a constant speed.

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Abstract: This research aimed to study the governing parameters influencing the solidification of AISI 316L thin foils during pulsed laser micro-welding in the lap-joint configuration. Therefore, a three-dimensional finite element model was developed to investigate the effects of power, pulse duration, and frequency of the laser beam on the governing parameters of the microstructure at a constant speed. Moreover, to consider the final microstructure as well as verify the numerical results, a set of experiments was designed and carried out based on the response surface method. The results show that the pulse time has the most significant effect on the temperature gradient and solidification rate, and consequently on the cooling rate and morphological parameter. Furthermore, the pulse time and peak power have a significant interaction effect on the temperature gradient. Although the pulse time and the peak power have a significant effect on the solidification rate at the weld centerline as well as the fusion line, they show a considerable interaction effect just in the weld centerline. The cooling rate and morphological parameters, two governing solidification parameters, are mostly and minimally influenced by the pulse time and frequency. Increasing the pulse time, power, and frequency decreases the cooling rate, resulting in a coarser microstructure. At the same time, increasing the processing parameters decreases the morphological parameter in the weld centerline; however, a slight increase occurs at the fusion line. A comparison of the numerical and experimental results showed a good agreement.

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3 citations

Use Of Segregation As A Weld Design Opportunity

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Erik A. Pfeif, C. T. Howard, S. Tate

01 Jan 2013

TL;DR: In this paper, the selection of the optimal Rare Earth (RE) element addition to achieve intragranular precipitation of inoculants for acicular ferrite formation in high strength low alloy steel weld metal is introduced to demonstrate the application of fundamentals of microstructure evolution.

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Abstract: When formulating welding consumables the weld metal designer must consider the metallurgical segregation processes and microstructural evolution steps resulting in the cooling of the weld deposit from its liquid state. The designer needs to systematically address each of the necessary steps in the metallurgical evolution to achieve the preferred optimum weld metal microstructure and properties. The selection of the optimal Rare Earth (RE) element addition to achieve intragranular precipitation of inoculants for acicular ferrite formation in high strength low alloy steel weld metal is introduced here to demonstrate the application of fundamentals of microstructure evolution.

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3 citations