Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Dissertation•

Un essai robuste et fiable pour la recette de produits d’apport en soudage d’aciers inoxydables

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Yuan Gao

29 Sep 2017

TL;DR: In this article, Kerrouault et al. propose an approach to develop an essai de fissuration a chaud a chargement exterieur, and simuler numeriquement ces experiences for determiner un seuil critique en deformation.

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Abstract: Le materiau principal de cette etude est l’acier inoxydable austenitique 316L(N) (X2CrNiMo17-12-2 a teneur en azote controlee) envisage dans la conception de la cuve et des structures du circuit primaire des futurs reacteurs de quatrieme generation refroidis au sodium. Pour assembler des composants de forte epaisseur, il faut realiser des soudages multipasses avec metal d'apport. Lors du soudage, il a parfois ete constate des defauts de fissuration a chaud de solidification au refroidissement dans la zone pâteuse, pres du bain de fusion. Ces fissures sont des decohesions du materiau apparaissant a haut temperature le long des joints de grains lorsque la deformation depasse un seuil critique. Il est donc necessaire de prevenir ce risque en utilisant un critere de fissuration a chaud. L'approche utilisee dans cette etude est double : developper un essai de fissuration a chaud a chargement exterieur, puis simuler numeriquement ces experiences pour determiner un seuil critique en deformation en utilisant un critere propose par Kerrouault. Une version amelioree d’un essai de fissuration a chaud (Controlled Restraint Weldability (CRW) test) a ete propose dans cette etude afin d'analyser la susceptibilite a la fissuration de solidification du materiau 316L(N) et d’un metal d'apport de nuance Thermanit 19-15H. L'objectif de ce test est, en fonction de l'intensite du chargement exterieur, d'amorcer une fissure dans un regime thermique etabli, puis d’arreter la propagation de cette fissure si les conditions thermomecaniques locales sont remplies. Le modele de comportement du materiau choisi est une loi elasto-visco-plastique a ecrouissage mixte. Des essais thermomecaniques sur un simulateur Gleeble ont ete realises a haute temperature afin d'identifier et d’ameliorer la loi de comportement du materiau 316L(N). Le grossissement des grains dans la zone affectee thermiquement a ete modelise et integre dans ce modele. Les intervalles de fusion et de solidification du materiau 316L(N) ont ete determines par des essais ATD (Analyse Thermique Differentielle). Des analyses des microstructures de solidification ont ete egalement menees afin de mieux comprendre le phenomene de fissuration a chaud. Certains essais CRW ont ensuite ete modelises et simules par elements finis en utilisant les logiciels Cast3M et Abaqus afin valider le critere de fissuration a chaud et de determiner un seuil critique de fissuration pour l'acier 316L(N).

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3 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Comparative HAZ softening analysis of three different automotive aluminium alloys by physical simulation

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Singh Pratap Sisodiaa, Judit Kovácsb

01 Jan 2021

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of weld heat cycle on heat affected zone (HAZ) is physically simulated for Tungsten inert gas Welding (TIG) using Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator for three different automotive aluminium alloy (AA5754-H22, AA6082T6 & AA7075-T6) plate of 1 mm thickness.

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Abstract: The development of high strength aluminium alloy has revolutionized the automotive industry with innovative manufacturing and technological process to provide high performance components, weight reduction and also diversified the application field and design consideration for the automotive parts that work under severe conditions, but the selection of proper production parameters is most challenging task to get excellent results. Growing industrial demand of aluminium alloys led to the development new welding technologies, processes and studies of various parameters effects for its intended purposes. The microstructural changes that lead to loss of hardening and thereby mechanical strength in the HAZ welded joint even though the base materials are heat treatable and precipitation hardened. So, our goal is to analyse HAZ softening and analyse the sub zones as a function of parameter. In this paper, the influence of weld heat cycle on heat affected zone (HAZ) is physically simulated for Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG) using Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator for three different automotive aluminium alloy (AA5754-H22, AA6082T6 & AA7075-T6) plate of 1 mm thickness. In order to simulate the sub-zones of the heat-affected zone, samples were heated to four different HAZ peak temperatures (550 °C, 440 °C, 380 °C and 280 °C), two linear heat input (100 J/mm and 200 J/mm) by the application of Rykalin 2D model. A series of experiments were performed to understand the behaviour, which make it possible to measure the objective data on the basis of the obtained image of the aluminium alloys tested with Rezime Razvoj aluminijumskih legura visoke čvrstoće je uveo revoluciju u automobilsku industriju, kroz inovativne izrade i tehnološke procese, a sve u cilju obezbeđivanja komponenti visokih performansi, smanjenja težine, različitih primena i konstrukcija za automobilske delove koji funkcionišu pod teškim uslovima. Međutim izbor preciznih proizvodnih parametara predstavlja najveći izazov da bi se ostvarili najbolji rezultati. Rastući industrijski zahtevi za aluminijumskim legurama vodi ka razvoju novih tehnologija zavarivanja, zatim procesa kao i odgovarajućih studija koje izučavaju efekate uticaja različitih parametara. Mikrostrukturalne promene dovode do gubitka tvrdoće, a time i mehaničke čvrstoće u zoni uticaja toplote (ZUT) zavarenih spojeva bez obzira što je osnovni metal termički obradljiv i precipitaciono ojačan. Cilj ovog rada je da analizira omkšavanje ZUTa i subzona u zavisnosti od primenjenih parametara. Izvršeno je ispitivanje uticaja toplotnog ciklusa zavarivanja na zonu uticaja toplote (ZUT) fizičkom simulacijom za slučaj zavarivanja netopivom volframovom elektrodom u zaštitnoj atmosferi inertnog gasa (TIG), a primenom termomehaničkog simulatora Gleeble 3500. Ispitivanja su vršena na tri različite aluminijumske legure za primenu u vozilima (AA5754-H22, AA6082-T6 i AA7075-T6), u obliku ploča debljina 1mm. U cilju simulacija subzona u zoni uticaja tolote, uzorci su zagrevani do četiri različite maksimalne vršne temperature karakteristične za ZUT (550 °C, 440 °C, 380 °C i 280 °C) i sa dva različita linearna unosa toplote (100 J/mm i 200 J/mm) koji su u skladu sa primenjenim 2D Rykalin-ovim modelom prenosa NAUKA∗ISTRAŽIVANJE∗RAZVOJ SCIENCE∗RESEARCH∗DEVELOPMENT 24 ZAVARIVANJE I ZAVARENE KONSTRUKCIJE, 1/2021, str. 23-38 heat-affected zone tests in a Gleeble 3500 physical simulator. The main objective is to achieve the weldability of three different automotive aluminium alloys and their comparison based on the welding parameters like heat input. Further, the investigation of HAZ softening and microstructure of the specimens were tested and analysed using Vicker’s hardness test and optical microscope respectively. The paper focuses on HAZ softening analysis of different grades of aluminium alloys for automotive application.

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3 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Characterization of Discontinuous Coarsening Reaction Products in INCONEL® Alloy 740H® Fusion Welds

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Daniel H. Bechetti¹, John N. DuPont¹, Masashi Watanabe¹, John J. de Barbadillo²•Institutions (2)

Lehigh University¹, Special Metals Corporation²

02 Feb 2017-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-physical Metallurgy and Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of solute partitioning during nonequilibrium solidification on the amount of strengthening precipitates along the grain boundaries were evaluated via electron-probe microanalysis and scanning electron microscopy.

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Abstract: Characterization of γ′ coarsened zones (CZs) in alloy 740H fusion welds via a variety of electron microscopy techniques was conducted. The effects of solute partitioning during nonequilibrium solidification on the amount of strengthening precipitates along the grain boundaries were evaluated via electron-probe microanalysis and scanning electron microscopy. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to present evidence for the preferential growth of CZs toward regions of lower γ′ content, even if growth in that direction increases grain boundary area. Scanning electron microscopy and image analysis were used to quantify the propensity for CZs to develop along certain segments of the grain boundaries, as governed by the local variations in γ′ content. Scanning transmission electron microscopy with X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry (XEDS) was used to assess the compositions of the matrix and precipitate phases within the CZs and to quantify the segregation of alloying components to the reaction front. Thermodynamic and kinetic modeling were used to compare calculated and experimental compositions. The work presented here provides new insight into the progression of the discontinuous coarsening (DC) reaction in a complex engineering alloy.

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3 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Impact Toughness of Gas Metal Arc Welded HY-80 Steel Plate at Sub-zero Temperatures

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Herry Oktadinata, Winarto Winarto

01 Jan 2019

TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure evolution, impact toughness and fracture appearance at sub-zero temperatures of the high strength steel arc welded was investigated, where a mixture of argon and carbon dioxide (90%Ar and 10%CO2) and ER100S solid wire was used.

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Abstract: Various welding methods are widely applied in large fabrication of high strength steel. However, commonly the problem occurs where a coarse grain is formed near fusion zone causing reduce the impact toughness due to the weld joint become brittle. Ductility and toughness in a coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) is low due to the formation of coarsening grain size. The objective of this research is to investigate the microstructure evolution, impact toughness and fracture appearance at sub-zero temperatures of the high strength steel arc welded. The steel that used in this experiment is a HY-80 steel welded by gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with a mixture of argon and carbon dioxide (90%Ar and 10%CO2) and ER100S solid wire. Microstructure observation and Charpy V-notch (CVN) tests were performed on the weld joint which consist of base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ), and weld metal (WM). The CVN tests on the HY-80 steel plate at various temperatures (20, -20, -60 and -80 °C) show impact toughness decrease when the test temperature decrease. The CVN tests on the HY-80 weld joint at a temperature of 80 °C show the lowest impact toughness was measured at WM (61 J) and followed fusion line-FL (101 J) with brittle fracture appearance.

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3 citations

Dissertation•

Fiber Laser Welding of Advanced High Strength Steels

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Daniel Westerbaan

01 Aug 2013

3 citations