Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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A theory for accelerated stress corrosion cracking in arc-welded aluminum alloys and mitigation by precision additive dressing

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Tyler Borchers

01 Feb 2016

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of fusion welds has proven more susceptible to SCC than the TMAZ of FSW.

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Abstract: To avoid hot cracking when welding a Cu-lean, high-strength 7xxx series (Al-Zn-Mg) aluminum alloy (AA), and maintain acceptable joint strength, 5xxx series (Al-Mg) filler wires are utilized [1] [2]. However, such welded joints have shown a tendency to develop stress corrosion cracking (SCC) [3] [4] [5] [6]. SCC of these joints has typically occurred within the heat-affected zone (HAZ) directly adjacent to the fusion line (FL) [7] [8]; the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) in solid-state joints of Al-Zn-Mg alloys, created by frictionstir welding (FSW), has also shown susceptibility to SCC. However, the HAZ of fusion welds have proven more susceptible to SCC than the TMAZ of FSW [6] [9].

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2 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Development of delta ferrite on the weld and HAZ produced by pulsed plasma arc welding on a supermartensitic stainless steel

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Sérgio Luiz Henke¹, Ramón Sigifredo Cortés Paredes¹, André Ricardo Capra•Institutions (1)

Federal University of Paraná¹

03 Apr 2015-Welding International

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of pulsed plasma welding on the distribution and amount of delta ferrite on a supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS) was investigated and the microstructural characterization was performed via metallographic analyses by optical and scanning electron microscopy.

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Abstract: Delta ferrite is considered an undesirable phase in the microstructure of martensitic stainless steels, given its power to influence the performance of fatigue strength, toughness and corrosion under stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pulsed plasma welding on the distribution and amount of delta ferrite on a supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS). Weld beads were obtained by surface melting on a sample of SMSS alloy using conventional and pulsed current. Then, the microstructural characterization was performed, in particular of the delta ferrite via metallographic analyses by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The experiments showed that for the same heat input, the pulse current promoted the formation of delta ferrite in the form of bands along the weld bead and a significant reduction of this phase in the heat-affected zone compared to conventional welding.

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2 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Strain ageing in welded joints of API5L X65Q seamless pipes

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Rodolfo Lisboa Batalha, Leonardo Barbosa Godefroid, Geraldo Lúcio de Faria, Rodrigo Rangel Porcaro, Luiz Cláudio Cândido, V. B. Trindade - Show less +2 more

16 Feb 2017-Welding International

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the phenomenon of strain ageing in joints obtained by gas-shielded arc welding (gas metal arc welding, GMAW), of seamless pipes of API5L X65Q steel were investigated.

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Abstract: In this work, we investigated the effects of the phenomenon of strain ageing in joints obtained by gas-shielded arc welding (gas metal arc welding, GMAW), of seamless pipes of API5L X65Q steel. Test specimens obtained from the welded joints were submitted to cold plastic strain of 3% and then aged for 1 h at 250 °C, so as to induce static ageing. For evaluating dynamic ageing, the test specimens were strained to 3% and loading was maintained for 1 h at 250 °C. The aged specimens were submitted to tensile testing and representative samples were examined in the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope. It was observed that the phenomenon altered the volume fraction of secondary constituents in the weld metal and in the HAZ, with increase in the proportion of ferrite–carbide aggregates. Regarding the mechanical properties, it was found that the phenomenon reduced the elastic ratio of the welded joints due to an increase in the ultimate strength, besides increasing the total elongation, b...

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2 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Austenite Decomposition Kinetics in Laser-Hybrid Welding of Steel of Strength Class K52

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A.I. Romantsov, Fedorov, D.G. Lodkov¹•Institutions (1)

South Ural State University¹

01 Feb 2019-Materials Science Forum

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the features of the austenite decomposition kinetics in the application of laser-hybrid welding technology, in a combination with multi-arc automatic submerged arc welding.

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Abstract: A modern technology for joining materials welding is commonly used in various industries. It is a process of interaction of thermal, mechanical and metallurgical properties and behaviors. Complex phenomena, such as solidification, microstructural changes and defect formation, have a great impact on the quality of welded joints. This article presents the results of studying the features of the austenite decomposition kinetics in the application of laser-hybrid welding technology, in a combination with multi-arc automatic submerged arc welding. The cooling rates are determined, affecting the change in properties of HAZ of welded joints on pipe steel of strength class K52. Using the dilatometric method, studies were conducted and thermo-kinetic and structural diagrams were constructed. Analysis of diagrams and microstructures showed that, as a result of the impact of the laser-hybrid welding process in the area of HAZ, the decomposition of austenite occurs mainly in the martensitic zone, followed by the formation of a bainite-perlite structure, due to recrystallization from the heat generated by the facing seams.

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2 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Prediction of Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW) Bead Geometry and Welding Parameters for 1G Position

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M. F. Abdul Razak, Abdul Ghalib, Abdullah Abdullah, Mohd Amin Hakim Ramli

01 Feb 2017-International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing

TL;DR: In this paper, the correlation between weld bead geometry and welding parameters for bead-on-plate in 1G position was studied. And the results showed that the deviation between predicted data and experimental measurement on actual welding is less than 1mm, while the Mean Absolute Deviation was less than 0.6mm.

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Abstract: Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW)is a popular choice for metal fabrication. Correct welding parameter and bead geometry are required before a robot can perform quality welding. An experiment was conducted to study the correlation between weld bead geometry and welding parameter for bead-on-plate in 1G position, and subsequently to develop a tool that can support the input requirement of the robot without resorting to unproductive trial and error. Coupons of quality weld deposit were produced experimentally by FCAW process and the bead geometry is measured and tabulated. The correlation of Heat Input and weld bead geometry is best represented by their trend-line equations. Incorporating these equations into a calculator format, the weld bead geometry and welding parameters can be predicted to produce a wide range of bead geometry. The deviation between predicted data and experimental measurement on actual welding is less than 1mm, while the Mean Absolute Deviation is less than 0.6mm.

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2 citations