Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Investigation of the Grain Structure of the Fusion Zone of Single Pass Arc Welding of Structural Steel (NST 34 L-C).

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F. A. Oyawale, K. O. Sanusi

01 Jan 2008

TL;DR: In this paper, the grain structure of the fusion zone of a single pass arc welding of structural steel was investigated to identify the mode of growth and grain transition of the zone and adjacent weld.

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Abstract: Some welded structures show poor mechanical properties at the weld and the adjacent zones. This has led to the collapse of structures when subjected to various torques. This research investigates the grain structure of the fusion zone of a single pass arc welding of structural steel to identify the mode of growth and grain transition of the zone and adjacent weld. Two parameters – temperature gradient in the direction of solidification and rate of advance of solidification were studied vis-a-vis welding speed, arc current, and plate thickness. The results showed that changes in the welding variables affected the mechanical properties of the welded structure.

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1 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Influence of Cr and Nb on the Overlay Deposited on D2 Steel by Plasma Transferred Arc Process

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F. García-Vázquez, H.M. Hernández-García, B. Vargas-Arista, A. Aguirre, E. E. Granda-Gutiérrez - Show less +1 more

01 May 2014-Materials Science Forum

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of Cr and Nb on Fe-based filler metal microstructure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate wear and hardness tests.

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Abstract: Among the different surface treatments used to improve the wear resistance of metallic materials, plasma transferred arc (PTA) is an attractive alternative to conventional techniques due to the intrinsic properties of its higher deposition rate, lower heat input and especially for the wide applicability of materials. The wide range of materials makes it possible to produce metallurgical bonding between the hardfacing layer and substrate material with very low dilution and distortion. Weld deposits are characterized by less level of inclusions, oxides, discontinuities and wear resistance. Metal-mechanic industry continuously requires recovering tool steel components subjected to severe wear. In this research Fe-based filler metal was deposited on D2 steel by using plasma transferred arc (PTA) process. The influence of Cr and Nb on Fe-based filler metal microstructure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to evaluate the mechanical properties were performed wear and hardness tests. The wear resistance and hardness values were compared with the results of a weld bead using nickel-based filler metal.

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1 citations

Effects of chromium on the microstructure and inclusions of multipass low alloy steels weld metal in shielded metal arc welding

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M H Avazkonandeh Gharavol, M. Haddad Sabzevar, A Haerian

01 Jan 2010

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of chromium content on the microstructure and inclusions formation in low alloy steel multipass welds was investigated and the results showed an increase in acicular ferrite formed at the expense of primary ferrite and ferrite with second phase with steady refinement of microstructures.

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Abstract: Effect of chromium content on the microstructure and inclusions formation in low alloy steel multipass welds was investigated. Manual metal arc welding was performed in flat position according to AWS A5.5-96 standard. The ferro-chromium content in the coating was varied such that the final weld metal consists of 0.05, 0.53 and 0.91 wt.% chromium. Microstructure was studied by optical and scanning electron microscope in both columnar and reheated regions of the weld metal. The results showed increase in acicular ferrite formed at the expense of primary ferrite and ferrite with second phase with steady refinement of microstructure. Amount of microphases also increase as the chromium content of the weld metal increases. It is believed that chromium does not affect apparent characteristics (such as volume fraction and average size) and chemistry of inclusions.

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1 citations

Investigation of microstructures and mechanical properties of dissimilar welds between Incoloy 825 and 316 stainless steel

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R. Ghasemi, E. Heshmat Dehkordi, M. Shamanian

15 Sep 2016

TL;DR: In this article, microstructural features and mechanical properties of Incoloy 825-316L stainless steel dissimilar joints have been investigated using pulsed gas tungsten arc welding method.

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Abstract: In this study, microstructural features and mechanical properties of Incoloy 825-316L stainless steel dissimilar joints have been investigated. For this purpose, pulsed gas tungsten arc welding method was employed and 316L, Inconel 82 and Inconel 625 alloys were used as filler metal. First, specimens were cut. Pulsed gas tungsten arc welding was performed using peak and base currents of 220 A and 110 A, respectively. Microstructure of welded joints was studied using metallographic observations and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties, tensile and microhardness measurements were done on the joints. In all specimens, dendritic and equiaxed and/or cellular growth of austenite phase was observed. Incoloy 625 weld metal had the finest dendritic structure. Tensile test results revealed the ductile fracture with a high percent of elongation for all specimens. The highest tensile strength and percent of elongation of 610 MPa and 48% were obtained for specimen welded using Inconel 625 filler metal. Inconel 625 and 316 stainless steel weld metals showed the highest and lowest microhardness with values of 232 HV and 224 HV, respectively.

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1 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Modeling and Optimizing the Hardness of the Melted Zone in Submerged Arc Welding Process Using Taguchi Method

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Hamed Shahverdi Shahraki¹, Hamid Mozafari²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Payame Noor University²

01 May 2015-Applied Mechanics and Materials

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of welding parameters on the hardness of the melted zone was analyzed using the signal to noise ratio (S/N) to obtain optimal levels for all input parameters.

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Abstract: One of the important characteristics of weld quality, which is influenced by welding parameters, is the hardness of the melted zone (HMZ). In this paper, experiments were conducted by Taguchi experimental design and Minitab 14 statistical software, and the interaction of input parameters was not taken into account. After collecting data, the signal to noise ratio (S/N) was calculated to obtain optimal levels for all input parameters. Then, using analysis of variance (ANOVA), the significance level of (P) for each input parameter was determined and validated for the hardness of the melted area. The results show that current intensity, welding speed, arc voltage, nozzle distance from work piece and thickness of magnesium oxide nanoparticles had respectively the highest impact on the hardness of melted zone.

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1 citations