Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Behaviour of coatings with AWS ERNiCrMo-3 electrode on ASTM A516 Gr.60 steel in ageing tests

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Sitonio Gomes de Magalhães¹, Marcelo Ferreira Motta¹, Hélio Cordeiro de Miranda¹, Jesualdo Pereira Farias¹•Institutions (1)

Federal University of Ceará¹

27 Apr 2010-Welding International

TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure of nickel-based overlay welds after ageing heat treatments was evaluated using micro-hardness profiles and scanning electron microscopy together with energy dispersive spectrometry analysis.

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Abstract: This work is intended to evaluate the microstructure of nickel-based overlay welds after ageing heat treatments. GMA welds using an AWS ERNiCrMo-3 electrode were deposited with a robot on ASTM A516 Gr.60 steel. Two weld heat inputs were used, 1.0 and 1.4 kJ/mm, with a current of 290 A, arc voltage of 33 V, and welding speeds of 9.7 and 6.8 mm/s, respectively. The ageing processes were conducted at 600°C using times of 100 and 300 h. Micro-hardness profiles and scanning electron microscopy together with energy dispersive spectrometry analysis were carried out to characterize the overlay. The hardness profile indicated that, in the ‘as welded’ condition, the overlay and heat-affected zone (HAZ) hardness were about 240 and 190 VH, respectively. The ageing process decreased the HAZ hardness to 120 VH and increased the overlay hardness to 290 VH after 100 h and to 310 VH after 300 h. These changes occurred due to HAZ decarburization and transformation of micro phases. After ageing, hard zones with values of ar...

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1 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Investigation of the Effects of Soaking Time on the Properties of Stainless Steel

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Silas Ezedinma Agbokwor, S. I. Neife

31 Jul 2019

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of soaking time during sensitization on the mechanical properties of Austenitic stainless steels was investigated and it was concluded from the results obtained that the macro and micro hardness of AISI 316 decreases with increase in soaking time at a constant soaking temperature.

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Abstract: An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of soaking time during sensitization on the Mechanical properties of Austenitic stainless steels [1]. The selected samples of AISI 316 and AISI 304 were cut into several pieces so that different amount of sensitization was introduced into the different pieces. To induce sensitization, the samples were heated and soaked at 750°C for different time intervals such as 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 180minutes, 300 minutes and 600 minutes followed by water quenching. The resultant samples were tested for Tensile strength, Micro hardness and Macro hardness. It was concluded from the results obtained that the macro and micro hardness of AISI 316 and AISI 304 decreases with increase in soaking time at a constant soaking temperature., However, the macro hardness of AISI 304 decreases more than AISI 316 with increase in soaking time at specified soaking temperature. It was similarly concluded that the tensile strengths AISI 316 and AISI 304 decreases with increase in soaking time at a constant soaking temperature.

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1 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Surface modification technique to enhance metallurgical and mechanical properties of alloy C-276 weldment by laser shock peening without coating

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S A Nithin Joseph Reddy¹, E Thrinadh¹, S. Prabhakaran¹, S. Kalainathan¹, N. Arivazhagan¹, M. Manikandan¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

VIT University¹

30 Oct 2018-Sadhana-academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of laser shock peening (LSP) to improve the metallurgical and mechanical properties of the weld joint was discussed. And the results showed that a fine equiaxed dendritic structure was observed in both conditions.

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Abstract: Microsegregation of alloying elements is prone to hot cracking in the weldment of alloy C-276. The formation of topologically close packed phases P and µ is largely responsible for the hot cracking. The present study articulates the effect of laser shock peening (LSP) to improve the metallurgical and mechanical properties of the weld joint. The weld joint was fabricated by pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW) using an ERNiCrMo-3 filler wire. LSP without coating was carried out on the cap surface of the weldment. Microstructural studies were carried out to compare the as-welded and laser-peened microstructure on the fusion zone. The results show that a fine equiaxed dendritic structure was observed in both conditions. EDS analysis was carried out to evaluate the microsegregation of alloying elements. EDS analysis indicates that there are no secondary intermetallic phases. X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to evaluate the phase change and crystallite size in the as-welded and laser shock peened fusion zone. The result shows 48.99% reduction in crystallite size after LSP. Hardness and tensile strength results indicate there is a consequential increase in laser shock peened specimen compared with as-welded specimen.

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1 citations

Effect of current -welding on the corrosion behavior of low carbon steel (1020) tig welding joints

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H. Majeed Mohammad¹•Institutions (1)

University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University¹

27 Aug 2020

TL;DR: In this article, the corrosion behaviors studied of many welded joints which were implemented using (TIG Welding) method on Low carbon steel 1020 AISI at constant voltage, welding speed and variable DC current for each pass.

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Abstract: Welding is one of important industrial processes, therefore many techniques are development to get an efficient and low cost welding for different kinds of materials. In this research, the corrosion behaviors studied of many welded joints which were implemented using (TIG Welding) method on Low carbon steel 1020 AISI at constant voltage, welding speed and variable DC current for each pass. Microstructure of weld zones, according to standard ASTM (G71-31) a number of corrosion examination samples are equipped with the measurements of (15 x 15 x3) mm which distributed into the many groups. Corrosion test was done by electrochemical methods for all specimens in environments of 3.5% NaCl solution. Corrosion rate is calculated using the Tafel equation. The results which obtained shows increase in corrosion rate of the weld joint which made at four passé with decreasing DC current for each pass compared with other weld joints and base metal but the increasing in DC current of the weld joint which carried out at three passes improved the corrosion rate compared with weld joint also carried out at three pass but include decrease in DC current.

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1 citations

Analysis and predicting the effect of ZrO2 nano-particles on penetration and HMZ in GMAW of low carbon steel using fuzzy logic

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F. Pahnaneh , M. Aghakhani , R. Eslami Farsani , M. Karamipour

10 Aug 2020

TL;DR: In this article, the applicability of fuzzy logig (FL) to predict the hardness of melt zone (HMZ) during the gas metal welding process was reported, which is an accurate and reliable technique for predicting HMZ because of its low error rate.

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Abstract: This paper reports the applicability of fuzzy logig (FL) to predict the hardness of melt zone (HMZ) during the gas metal نا ا یراک و یروان و مو ع * یکینورتکلا تسپ ،لوئسم هدنسیون : m.aghakhani@razi.ac.ir D ow nl oa de d fr om jw st i.i ut .a c. ir at 1 5: 37 IR S T o n T hu rs da y O ct ob er 1 st 2 02 0 هنانهپ دازرف ناراکمه و رشن ، ی ه روانف و مولع ي راکشوج ي ا ی ،نار لاس مشش هرامش ، 1 ، ناتسبات و راهب 1399 هحفص ، 48 33 34 arc welding (GMAW) process, which is affected by the combined effect of ZrO2 nano-particles and welding input parameters. The arc voltage, welding current, welding speed, stick-out, and ZrO2 nano-particles were used as the input parameters and HMZ as the response to develop FL model. The predicted results from FL were compared with the experimental data. The most important input parameter affecting the HMZs was the addition of ZrO2 nanoparticle coatings with a thickness of 1 mm, which increased the hardness from 78 to 84 HRB. The correlation factor value obtained was 99.98% between the measured and predicted values of HMZ. The results showed that FL is an accurate and reliable technique for predicting HMZ because of its low error rate. Also, the presence of ZrO2 nano-particles in the weld pool has increased the penetration up to 2 times.

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1 citations