Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Journal Article•

Effects of Welding Consumables on the Solidification Cracking in SAW Weld Metal of Medium Carbon Steel

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Kook-soo Bang, Woo-hyun Song, Hong-chul Jung

05 Feb 2018-Korean Journal of Metals and Materials

TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of submerged-arc welding consumables, wire and flux, on solidification cracking in the weld metal of medium-carbon steel were investigated, and it was shown that weld metal with a greater amount of C, S, and P had a wider brittleness temperature range, BTR, which resulted in longer total and maximum crack lengths in Varestraint tests.

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Abstract: s: The effects of submerged-arc welding consumables, wire and flux, on solidification cracking in the weld metal of medium-carbon steel were investigated. It showed that weld metal with a greater amount of C, S, and P had a wider brittleness temperature range, BTR, which resulted in longer total and maximum crack lengths in Varestraint tests. To determine the effect of flux on the amount of C, S, and P in the weld metal, transfers of the elements between the slag and the weld metal were evaluated. While C and S were removed from the weld metal to the slag, P was added from the slag to the weld metal. The amount of each element removed or added, however, was dependent on the basicity of the flux used. As the flux became more basic, more S was removed and less P was added, resulting in less S and P in the weld metal. In contrast, with increasing flux basicity, less C was removed, leaving a larger amount of C in the weld metal. Therefore, to minimize the amounts of these elements in the weld metal, in addition to the wire used, the flux basicity should also be carefully considered. (Received September 7, 2017; Accepted November 6, 2017)

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1 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The effect of shielded metal arc and gas tungsten arc welding methods on 308L stainless steel weldments

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Shao Pin Lin¹, Ge Ping Yu¹, J.Y. Huang², H.J. Chen¹, R.C. Kuo², E. Wen Huang², Jia Hong Huang¹ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (2)

National Tsing Hua University¹, National Central University²

01 Jan 2014-Materials Science Forum

TL;DR: In this article, the welding effects on the mechanical behavior of 308L austenitic stainless steel weldments, respectively, were investigated to study the welding effect on the structural properties of the welds.

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Abstract: Shielded metal arc (SMA) and gas tungsten arc (GTA) weldments were investigated to study the welding effects on the mechanical behavior of 308L austenitic stainless steel weldments, respectively. Both SMA and GTA weldments showed dendritic microstructure. The observed austenitic stainless steel welds solidified to give primary ferrite and secondary austenite as the ferritic-austenitic solidification mode (FA-mode) solidification. However, the lower heat input with larger Cr-versus-Ni ratio in SMA weld process led to lathy ferrite morphology and more residual ferrite in the SMA welds, while vermicular ferrite morphology was shown in GTA weldments. The yield strength of the welds significantly increased with decreasing elongation, which was mainly due to the dual phase strengthening effect after rapid solidification during welding

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1 citations

อิทธิพลของกระแสไฟเชื่อมในกระบวนการเชื่อมอาร์กทังสเตน ที่มีผลต่องานเชื่อมเหล็กกล้าไร้สนิมเกรด 201 Influence of Welding Current in Tungsten Arc Welding Process Effected on Stainless Steel AISI 201 Weldment

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Trinet Yingsamphancharoen, Nakarin Srisuwan

01 Jan 2012

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of welding current in tungsten arc welding process on microstructures in welding area, tensile strength and chromium carbide precipitation was investigated.

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Abstract: This research investigated influence of welding current in tungsten arc welding process on microstructures in welding area, tensile strength and chromium carbide precipitation. AISI 201 stainless steel specimens were arc welded with tungsten by using

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1 citations

Research on various welding methods on aerospace titanium alloys: collaboration between Akita University and AUT University

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Timotius Pasang¹, Y Tao, Y Miyano, Osamu Kamiya•Institutions (1)

Auckland University of Technology¹

01 Apr 2014

TL;DR: In this paper, three types of welding methods were used in this investigation, i.e., laser beam welding, electron beam welding and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), and the results showed that it is possible to perform similar Ti5553 alloy welds as well as dissimilar titanium welds.

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Abstract: In the past two decades or so, titanium and its alloys have found a significant increase in the aerospace applications. One of the reasons is associated with the introduction of various new titanium alloys. Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti5553) is one of the most notable new titanium alloys. This alloy has a high strength, excellent hardenability and good fracture toughness. Landing gear beam truck of aircraft has been successfully manufactured using this alloy. In order to find more applications in various areas, a number of factors are to be investigated, and one of them is its weldability. Three types of welding methods were used in this investigation, i.e. Laser Beam Welding (LBW), Electron Beam Welding and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). The results showed that it is possible to perform similar Ti5553 alloy weld as well as dissimilar titanium welds. It was observed that the (i) strength at the weld zones was lower compared with the base metal, and (ii) grains grew epitaxially from the near heat affected zone into the fusion zones. This study is part of a strong on-going collaboration projects between Akita University and AUT University.

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1 citations

Influence of rotational speed on the development of microstructure in a friction stir welded 304 austenitic stainless steel

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Mohsen Hajizadeh, S. Emami, Tohid Saeid

10 Aug 2020

TL;DR: In this article, the results showed that high frequency of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) were formed through dynamic recovery in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ).

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Abstract: Friction stir welding was conducted on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel sheet with dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm × 2 mm. The FSW was performed at a welding speed of 150 mm/min and rotational speeds of 400 and 800 rpm. The results showed that high frequency of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) were formed through dynamic recovery in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). Higher amount of LAGBs were developed in the TMAZ of welded sample with 800 rpm due to the higher amount of strain and heat generated. High fraction of high angle grain boundaries were formed in the stir zone (SZ) of the welded samples through the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). A very fine microstructure developed in the sampled welded with lower rotational speed. Analysis of texture using {111} Pole figures showed the formation of shear texture components in the SZ of both welded samples. The intensity of the obtained texture for the sample welded with 800 rpm was greater. The formation of shear texture components in the SZ of both samples implied the occurrence of CDRX mechanism.

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1 citations