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Welding Metallurgy of

Structural Steels
01 Jan 1987-
About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.
Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi1, E. O. Olakanmi2, Robert F. Cochrane1, Kenneth Dalgarno3•
University of Leeds1, Federal University of Technology Minna2, Newcastle University3
01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science
TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

  • ...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....

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  • ...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....

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  • ...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...

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  • ...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu1, Qingqing Ding2, Yuan Zhong1, Ji Zou3, Jing Wu3, Yu-Lung Chiu3, Jixue Li2, Ze Zhang2, Qian Yu2, Zhijian Shen1 •
Stockholm University1, Zhejiang University2, University of Birmingham3
06 Dec 2017-Materials Today
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari1, S. P. H. Marashi2•
Islamic Azad University1, Amirkabir University of Technology2
18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.
Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

  • ...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....

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  • ...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....

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  • ...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....

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  • ...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....

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  • ...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira1, Telmo G. Santos1, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda1•
University of Lisbon1
01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science
TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng1, Huiyu Zhou1, Hongbiao Dong1•
University of Leicester1
15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design
TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

  • ...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....

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References
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Journal Article•DOI•
Fiber Laser Welded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy: The Effect of Welding Speed on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

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S. H. Chowdhury1, Daolun Chen1, S.D. Bhole1, E. Powidajko2, D. C. Weckman2, Y. Zhou2 •
Ryerson University1, University of Waterloo2
05 Jan 2012-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-physical Metallurgy and Materials Science
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of welding speed on the tensile and fatigue properties of fiber laser welded AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy with special attention to welding speed was investigated.
Abstract: This study was aimed at characterizing microstructural change and evaluating tensile and fatigue properties of fiber laser welded AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy with special attention to the effect of welding speed Laser welding led to the formation of equiaxed dendrites in the fusion zone and columnar dendrites near the fusion zone boundary along with divorced eutectic Mg17Al12 particles and recrystallized grains in the heat-affected zone The lowest hardness across the weld appeared in the fusion zone Although the yield strength, ductility, and fatigue life decreased, the hardening capacity increased after laser welding, with a joint efficiency reaching about 90 pct A higher welding speed resulted in a narrower fusion zone, smaller grain size, higher yield strength, and longer fatigue life, as well as a slightly lower strain-hardening capacity mainly because of the smaller grain sizes Tensile fracture occurred in the fusion zone, whereas fatigue failure appeared essentially in between the heat-affected zone and the fusion zone Fatigue cracks initiated from the near-surface welding defects and propagated by the formation of fatigue striations together with secondary cracks

40 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Mesoscale multi-physics simulation of rapid solidification of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

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Dehao Liu1, Yan Wang1•
Georgia Institute of Technology1
01 Jan 2019-Additive manufacturing
TL;DR: In this article, a mesoscale multi-physics model is developed to simultaneously consider solute transport, phase transition, heat transfer, latent heat, and melt flow for powder bed fusion.
Abstract: Powder bed fusion is a recently developed additive manufacturing (AM) technique for alloys, which builds parts by selectively melting metallic powders with a high-energy laser or electron beam. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding of the rapid solidification process for better quality control. To simulate the microstructure evolution of alloys during the rapid solidification, in this research, a mesoscale multi-physics model is developed to simultaneously consider solute transport, phase transition, heat transfer, latent heat, and melt flow. In this model, the phase-field method simulates the dendrite growth of alloys, whereas the thermal lattice Boltzmann method models heat transfer and fluid flow. The phase-field method and the thermal lattice Boltzmann method are tightly coupled. The simulation results of Ti-6Al-4V show that the consideration of latent heat is necessary because it reveals the details of the formation of secondary arms and provides more realistic kinetics of dendrite growth. The proposed multi-physics simulation model provides new insights into the complex solidification process in AM.

40 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Property Analysis of Gas Metal Arc Welded AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel

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Saptarshi Saha1, Manidipto Mukherjee1, Tapan Kumar Pal1•
Jadavpur University1
01 Mar 2015-Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of welding parameters on microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel sheet (as received) of 4 mm thickness was investigated.
Abstract: The present study elaborately explains the effect of welding parameters on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel sheet (as received) of 4 mm thickness. The welded joints were prepared by varying welding speed (WS) and current simultaneously at a fixed heat input level using a 1.2-mm-diameter austenitic filler metal (AISI 316L). The overall purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the variation of welding conditions on: (i) Microstructural constituents using optical microscope and transmission electron microscope; (ii) Micro-texture evolution, misorientation distributions, and grain boundaries at welded regions by measuring the orientation data from electron back scattered diffraction; and (iii) Mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength, and their correlation with the microstructure and texture. It has been observed that the higher WS along with the higher welding current (weld metal W1) can enhance weld metal mechanical properties through alternation in microstructure and texture of the weld metal. Higher δ-ferrite formation and high-angle boundaries along with the 〈101〉 + 〈001〉 grain growth direction of the weld metal W1 were responsible for dislocation pile-ups, SFs, deformation twinning, and the induced martensite with consequent strain hardening during tensile deformation. Also, fusion boundary being the weakest link in the welded structure, failure took place mainly at this region.

39 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Welding of Ultra High Strength Steels

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Paul Kah1, Markku Pirinen1, Raimo Suoranta1, Jukka Martikainen1•
Lappeenranta University of Technology1
01 Nov 2013-Advanced Materials Research
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the difficulties and challenges of successful welding of UHSS and discuss the common welding methods used in welding of high strength steels, including electron beam welding, resistance welding, and conventional arc welding.
Abstract: The ongoing need to reduce the weight of products while increasing strength has resulted in new generation steel manufacturing using special heat treatments to produce High Strength Steels (HSS) and Ultra High Strength Steels (UHSS) with up to 1700 MPa tensile strength. The high strength level of these steels makes it possible to produce structures with a considerable weight and cost reduction, and such steels have been adopted in the automotive industry and for mobile heavy equipment. Welding of UHSS is, however, not without its complications and welding processes for these steels need careful attention. For instance, their high susceptibility to cracking and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) softening are risks that need to be borne in mind when choosing welding parameters. This research work discusses the difficulties and challenges of successful welding of UHSS. Common welding methods used in welding of UHSS are briefly reviewed to gain a better understanding of the effects of different welding parameters and methods. The paper finds that UHSS can be satisfactorily welded with laser welding, electron beam welding, resistance welding, and conventional arc welding methods, but the quality of the weld is dependent on appropriate control of several parameters and variables of the welding processes.

39 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Closed loop control of melt pool width in robotized laser powder–directed energy deposition process

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Meysam Akbari1, Radovan Kovacevic1•
Southern Methodist University1
01 Oct 2019-The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
TL;DR: In this article, an adaptable PI controller with layer-dependent control gains was developed to ensure a constant melt pool width through the entire build, and the performance of the controller was evaluated through deposition of thin wall samples.
Abstract: Robotized laser powder–directed energy deposition is a non-linear process, and the dynamic response of the system varies layer by layer. An adaptable PI controller with layer-dependent control gains was developed to ensure a constant melt pool width through the entire build. The laser power was selected as the control output variable, and the melt pool width was chosen as the control input variable. The performance of the controller was evaluated through deposition of thin wall samples. The results showed that the controller, by adjusting the laser power in real time, could successfully maintain the melt pool width and produce a more uniform and finer microstructure as compared to the sample with a constant laser power.

39 citations

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