Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Sustainability in manufacturing processes: practices performed in metal forming, casting, heat treatment, welding and electrostatic painting

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Julio Henrique Costa Nobrega¹, Pedro Carmona Pio¹, G. L. Fernandes¹, S. T. Botêlho¹, T. C. Araujo¹, Rosley Anholon¹, Robert Eduardo Cooper Ordoñez¹, Izabela Simon Rampasso¹, W. Leal Filho², Osvaldo Luiz Gonçalves Quelhas³ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

State University of Campinas¹, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences², Federal Fluminense University³

22 Aug 2019-International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology

TL;DR: In this article, the main sustainable practices developed in the processes of metal forming, casting, heat treatment, welding and electrostatic painting are listed, when analysed the literature about them.

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Abstract: This article aims to list the main sustainable practices developed in the processes of metal forming, casting, heat treatment, welding and electrostatic painting. When analysed the literature about...

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18 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Three-Dimensional Additively Manufactured Microstructures and Their Mechanical Properties

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Theron Rodgers¹, Hojun Lim¹, Judith A. Brown¹•Institutions (1)

Sandia National Laboratories¹

01 Jan 2020-JOM

TL;DR: In this article, a crystal plasticity-finite element model is used to simulate plastic deformation of the AM microstructures and a reference equiaxed microstructure.

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Abstract: Metal additive manufacturing (AM) allows for the freeform creation of complex parts. However, AM microstructures are highly sensitive to the process parameters used. Resulting microstructures vary significantly from typical metal alloys in grain morphology distributions, defect populations and crystallographic texture. AM microstructures are often anisotropic and possess three-dimensional features. These microstructural features determine the mechanical properties of AM parts. Here, we reproduce three “canonical” AM microstructures from the literature and investigate their mechanical responses. Stochastic volume elements are generated with a kinetic Monte Carlo process simulation. A crystal plasticity-finite element model is then used to simulate plastic deformation of the AM microstructures and a reference equiaxed microstructure. Results demonstrate that AM microstructures possess significant variability in strength and plastic anisotropy compared with conventional equiaxed microstructures.

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18 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Evaluation of solidification cracking susceptibility in laser welds for type 316FR stainless steel

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Eun-Joon Chun¹, Kazutoshi Nishimoto², Kazuyoshi Saida¹•Institutions (2)

Osaka University¹, Fukui University of Technology²

21 Jan 2016-Welding in The World

TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the solidification cracking susceptibility of laser welds of type 316FR stainless steel with two kinds of filler metal (316FR-A and 316FR-B).

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Abstract: Laser beam welding (LBW) transverse-Varestraint tests were performed to quantitatively evaluate the solidification cracking susceptibility of laser welds of type 316FR stainless steel with two kinds of filler metal (316FR-A and 316FR-B). This found that as the welding speed increased from 1.67 to 40.0 mm/s, the increase in the solidification brittle temperature range (BTR) was greater in the case of 316FR-B (from 14 to 40 K) than 316FR-A (from 37 to 46 K). Based on theoretical calculations for the temperature range over which both solid and liquid phases coexist, for which Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi and solidification segregation models were used, the greater increase in BTR with 316FR-B was determined to be due to a larger decrease in δ-ferrite during welding solidification than with 316FR-A. This, in turn, greatly increases the segregation of impurities, which is responsible for the greater temperature range of solid/liquid coexistence when using 316FR-B.

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18 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Effect of weld heat input on corrosion of dissimilar welded pipeline steels under simulated coating disbondment protected by cathodic protection

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R. Ashari¹, A. Eslami¹, Morteza Shamanian¹, Saeed Asghari¹•Institutions (1)

Isfahan University of Technology¹

01 Mar 2020-Journal of materials research and technology

TL;DR: In this paper, a simulated coating disbondment was applied to dissimilar welded X-42 and grade B pipelines to simulate an anaerobic environment, and it was observed that the corrosion rate at the weld line was higher than that at the heat affected zone.

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Abstract: Dissimilar welding is extensively used for oil and gas pipelines for new installations or repairs. Despite applying cathodic protection (CP) and coatings, corrosion and cracking can occur, usually on external surface of pipelines under coating disbondments close to weld lines. In this study, corrosion of dissimilar welded X-42 and grade B pipelines, under a simulated coating disbondment, is investigated. Welding was performed using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process. In order to simulate a coating disbondment, a corrosion cell containing 10 coupons was utilized. Coupons were exposed to a simulated soil solution purged with 5%CO2–95%N2 to maintain an anaerobic environment. CP potential of −870 mVSCE was applied to the open mouth of the disbondment. Results showed that by decreasing weld heat input from 0.74 to 0.61 kJ/mm, corrosion rate at the weld line increased. This was explained by formation of phases with higher corrosion rates (e.g. Widmanstatten and acicular ferrite). It was also observed that the corrosion rate at the weld line was higher than that at the heat affected zone (HAZ), followed by the base metals. The higher corrosion rate at the weld line and HAZ was explained by formation of acicular ferrite and secondary phases during the welding process. It was also observed that for similar heat inputs, the corrosion rate of dissimilar welded X-42 and grade B was higher than that of similar welded samples. This was possibly due to the minor galvanic effect between X-42 and the grade B pipeline steel.

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18 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Study of Submerged Arc Weld Metal and Heat-Affected Zone Microstructures of a Plain Carbon Steel

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A. Joarder¹, S. C. Saha, A. K. Ghose¹•Institutions (1)

Banaras Hindu University¹

01 Jul 1991

TL;DR: A detailed study on the microstructure of submerged arc (SA) weld metal and the heat-affected zone of a 1.2 cm (0.5in) thick plain carbon steel plate was carried out using transmission electron microscopy.

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Abstract: A detailed study on the microstructure of submerged arc (SA) weld metal and the heat-affected zone of a 1.2- cm (0.5-in.) thick plain carbon steel plate was carried out using transmission electron microscopy. The various subzone microstructure observed in the HAZ of a SA weld are spheroidized, partially transformed, grain-refined and grain-coarsened. The grain-coarsened area exhibits predominantly Widmanstatten ferrite with pearlite, while the other subzones of HAZ reveal polygonal ferrite and pearlite. Depending on the number, size and distribution of inclusions, the weld metal microstructure varies. With a larger number of inclusions, grain boundary ferrite and, in absence of inclusion, either side plate with pearlite or cementite along the boundaries of side plates are observed. It is noticed that a limited number of larger size inclusions favor the formation of acicular ferrite. Because of the prevalence of varying cooling rates in weld metal, a wide range of microsturctures, such as periodic pearlite, grain boundary ferrite with pearlite, and side plate with cementite along the side plate boundaries, are observed.

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18 citations