Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Open Access

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Journal Article•DOI•

Probe Pulse Conditions and Solidification Parameters for the Dissimilar Welding of Inconel 718 and AISI 316L Stainless Steel

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Ajit Kumar Sahu¹, Swarup Bag¹•Institutions (1)

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati¹

11 Mar 2020-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-physical Metallurgy and Materials Science

TL;DR: In this paper, the weldability of dissimilar materials Inconel 718 and AISI 316L stainless steel through metallurgical and mechanical characterization of the joint was investigated.

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Abstract: The present work addresses the weldability of dissimilar materials Inconel 718 and AISI 316L stainless steel through metallurgical and mechanical characterization of the joint. The 3D heat transfer model analyzes the solidification behavior for a pulsed arc energy source. However, intermetallic formation deteriorates the welded joint properties and promotes solidification cracking in the weld zone. We attempt to join these dissimilar materials without using any filler materials and allowing solidification with the use of a pulse current. The use of a pulse current during microplasma arc welding assists in the formation of a beneficial microstructure that produces strong welds. Since the solidification parameters (G·R and G/R) largely define the weld microstructure, their effect on the weld joint properties is investigated herein. With an increase in the pulse current, the (G/R) decreases and enables the formation of an equiaxed solidified structure in the weld zone. A reduction in the amount of various intermetallic phases is observed in the equiaxed regions compared to amount present in areas with a columnar structure. The tensile strength of the joint is superior to that of AISI 316L stainless steel, and failure is observed in the heat-affected zone of this material. The best joint efficiency herein of 108 pct and elongation of 35.3 pct is achieved for the welding condition having the lowest (G/R) value. An improvement in the elongation is achieved for the weld joint with a reduction in the (G/R) value.

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17 citations

A methodology for quantifying the thermal and mechanical conditions for weld metal solidification cracking

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Zhili Feng¹•Institutions (1)

Ohio State University¹

01 Jan 1993

17 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Optimising multiple qualities of Nd:YAG laser welding onto magnesium alloy via grey relational analysis

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L. K. Pan, C. C. Wang, Y. C. Shih, H. F. Sher

01 Jul 2005-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated multiple quality optimisation of Nd:YAG laser welding onto magnesium alloy via grey relational analysis and quantified and judged the performance obtained using various combinations of laser welding parameters, including shielding gas, laser energy, travelling speed of workpiece, point at which the laser is focused, pulse frequency and pulse shape.

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Abstract: This work evaluates multiple quality optimisation of Nd:YAG laser welding onto magnesium alloy via grey relational analysis. The effectiveness of the grey relational grade lies in quantifying and judging the performance obtained using various combinations of laser welding parameters. The parameters are shielding gas, laser energy, travelling speed of workpiece, point at which the laser is focused, pulse frequency, and pulse shape in this work. Moreover, 18 combinations of these six essential welding parameters were set following Taguchi's method to evaluate the integrated performance. The welding parameters that govern the laser beam in thin plate butt welding were evaluated by measuring the ultimate tension stress, and both the depth and the width along the welding path. This integrated performance was then quantified and judged via grey relational analysis to obtain an optimised set-up for laser welding. The verifying test was proved to optimise the ultimate tension stress, depth and width along...

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17 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Influences of post weld heat treatment on fatigue crack growth behavior of TIG welding of 6013 T4 aluminum alloy joint (Part 1. Fatigue crack growth across the weld metal)

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Gunawan Dwi Haryadi¹, Seon-Jin Kim¹•Institutions (1)

Pukyong National University¹

08 Oct 2011-Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the influences of PWHT on FCG behavior and tensile properties of TIG butt welded Al 6013-T4 sheets and found that PWHT-T82 for 18 hours aging is the highest fatigue resistance, while the aging 18 hours provided the highest tensile test result.

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Abstract: The present study evaluates the influences of PWHT on FCG behavior and tensile properties of TIG butt welded Al 6013-T4 sheets. Crack propagation tests were carried out on compact tension (CT) specimens. The T82 heat treatment was varied in three artificial aging times (soaking) of 6, 18 and 24 hours. The results of T82 heat treatment with artificial aging variations were tested for their fatigue crack growth rates at the main metal zone, the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the welded metal zone. It has been observed that the various agings in heat treatment T82 are sensitive to the mechanical properties (fatigue crack growth rate test, tensile test). The results show that PWHT-T82 for 18 hours aging is the highest fatigue resistance, while the aging 18 hours provided the highest tensile test result.

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16 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

NiCrSiBC alloy: microstructure and hardness of coatings processed by arc and laser

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Leandro João da Silva¹, Ana Sofia C. M. D’Oliveira¹•Institutions (1)

Federal University of Paraná¹

02 Jan 2017-Welding International

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of processing on the microstructure and hardness of coatings of alloy Colmonoy-6® was assessed in both cases, the alloy was processed by plasma transferred arc and high-power diode laser on plates of AISI 304 with two levels of dilution.

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Abstract: The processing technique is decisive for the characteristics of a coating. This is because the heat supply, which depends on the technique and on the parameters, has an influence on the dilution and the solidification rate. In alloys with low metallurgical complexity, the effect of processing with deposition techniques that give a higher cooling rate may be translated into refining of the microstructure. A more refined microstructure is expected to result in higher mechanical strength of the coating. However, in the deposition of alloys that are more complex metallurgically this does not always occur, because the high cooling rate may suppress formation/precipitation of phases responsible for strength. The influence of processing on the microstructure and hardness of coatings of alloy Colmonoy-6® was assessed in this study. The alloy was processed by plasma transferred arc and high-power diode laser on plates of AISI 304 with two levels of dilution. In both cases, good-quality, defect-free coating...

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16 citations