Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Open Access

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Journal Article•DOI•

Solidification phenomena of weld metals (1st report). Characteristic solidification morphologies, microstructures and solidification theory

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Seiji Katayama¹•Institutions (1)

Osaka University¹

01 Jan 2000-Welding International

TL;DR: The solidification phenomena of weld metals have been investigated in this article, where characteristic solidification morphologies, microstructures, and solidification theory are discussed, and a model of solidification is proposed.

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Abstract: (2000). Solidification phenomena of weld metals (1st report). Characteristic solidification morphologies, microstructures and solidification theory. Welding International: Vol. 14, No. 12, pp. 939-951.

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16 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Reducing welding hot cracking of high-strength novel Al–Mg–Zn–Cu alloys based on the prediction of the T-shaped device

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Yanlin Pan¹, Di Zhang¹, Haoran Liu¹, Zhaorui Zhang¹, Hongxiang Li¹, Linzhong Zhuang¹, Jishan Zhang¹ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (1)

University of Science and Technology Beijing¹

25 Mar 2020-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the cracking susceptibility of high-strength 7000 series alloys has been investigated and the authors found that the higher hot cracking tendency during fusion welding in traditional high strength alloys is an obstacle for its further application.

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Abstract: The higher hot cracking tendency during fusion welding in traditional high-strength 7000 series alloys has been an obstacle for its further application. In this study, the cracking susceptibility c...

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16 citations

Dissertation•

Three dimensional Cellular Automaton - Finite Element (CAFE) modeling for the grain structures development in Gas Tungsten / Metal Arc Welding processes

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Shijia Chen

04 Jul 2014

TL;DR: In this article, a 3D coupled Cellular Automaton (CA) and Finite Element (FE) model is proposed to predict the grain structure formation during multiple passes Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Gas Metal Arc welding (GMAW).

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Abstract: Grain structure formation during fusion welding processes has a significant impact on the mechanical strength of the joint. Defects such as hot cracking are also linked to the crystallographic texture formed during the solidification step. Direct simulation of three-dimensional (3D) grain structure at industrial scale for welding processes is rarely modeled. In this work, a 3D coupled Cellular Automaton (CA) – Finite Element (FE) model is proposed to predict the grain structure formation during multiple passes Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). At the macroscopic scale, the FE model solves the mass, energy and momentum conservation equations for the whole system based on an adaptive mesh. For GMAW with metal addition, the FE model is enriched and established in a level set (LS) approach in order to model the evolution of the metal/air interface due to the weld bead development. The FE domain then contains the workpiece and the surrounding air where the weld bead forms. FE computations are coupled with the CA approach used to model the grain structure evolution. A fixed mesh, referred to as CA mesh, is superimposed to the adaptive FE mesh. FE fields are interpolated between the adaptive FE mesh and the fixed CA mesh. A new dynamic allocation/deallocation strategy of a CA grid of cells is then used based on the dynamic activation/deactivation of the elements of the CA mesh. The CA grid is made of a regular lattice of cubic cells superimposed onto the welded domain. At the micro scale, this grid is used in order to simulate the melting and solidification steps at the boundaries between the mushy domain and the liquid pool during the welding process. The temperature evolutions of the cells are computed by interpolation from the CA mesh. Coupling with tabulated transformation paths and phase enthalpy is also implemented, which permits to track the phase amount and latent heat release during the process. In order to master the resolution time and memory cost of the simulations, a management of the FE/CA mesh dimensions and CA cell size is considered for both FE and CA models. The 3D CAFE model is applied to simulate the formation of solidification structures during multiple passes GTAW and GMAW processes on a duplex stainless steel UR 2202. In GTAW, the evolution of the grain structures with respect to the welding process parameters is considered. The normal orientation of the grains with the increase of the heat source velocity is shown. In GMAW, the model is shown to compute the remelting and growth of successively deposited layers. Overall, the predicted structures qualitatively reveal the expected evolutions presented in the literature.

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15 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Welding current influences on Inconel 625/X65 cladding interface

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Kunyang Song¹, Zhijiang Wang¹, Shengsun Hu¹, Shiqi Zhang¹, Enbao Liang¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Tianjin University¹

19 May 2018-Materials and Manufacturing Processes

TL;DR: The pulsed gas tungsten arc welding with hot wire was used to clad Inconel 625 on the surface of X65 steel as discussed by the authors, and the influences of welding current in horizontal welding position on the dilution, in furt...

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Abstract: The pulsed gas tungsten arc welding with hot wire was used to clad Inconel 625 on the surface of X65 steel. The influences of welding current in horizontal welding position on the dilution, in furt...

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15 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Microstructure model for the heat-affected zone of X80 linepipe steel

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Thomas Garcin¹, Matthias Militzer¹, Warren J. Poole¹, Laurie Collins•Institutions (1)

University of British Columbia¹

04 Mar 2016-Materials Science and Technology

TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated microstructure evolution model is proposed and applied to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of an X80 linepipe steel, considering dissolution of Nb-rich precipitates, austenite grain growth and austenites decomposition into ferrite and bainite.

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Abstract: An important aspect of the integrity of oil and gas pipelines is the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of girth welds where the microstructure of the as-hot rolled steel is altered with potentially adverse effects on the HAZ properties. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate the HAZ microstructure for different welding scenarios. Here, an integrated microstructure evolution model is proposed and applied to the HAZ of an X80 linepipe steel. The model considers dissolution of Nb-rich precipitates, austenite grain growth and austenite decomposition into ferrite and bainite. Microstructure maps showing the fraction of transformation products as a function of distance from the fusion line are obtained and used to compare the effect of different welding procedures on the HAZ microstructure.

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15 citations