Welding Metallurgy of

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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

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E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

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1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
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...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
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...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

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Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

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557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

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Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

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369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
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...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
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...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
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...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
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...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

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João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

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Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

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314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

An Effective Approach Based on Response Surface Methodology for Predicting Friction Welding Parameters

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Sare Çelik¹, Aslan Deniz Karaoglan¹, Ismail Ersozlu²•Institutions (2)

Balıkesir University¹, Army and Navy Academy²

01 Mar 2016-High Temperature Materials and Processes

TL;DR: In this paper, response surface methodology (RSM) is used for modeling the mathematical relation between the responses (tensile strength and maximum temperature) and the friction welding parameters with minimum number of experiments.

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Abstract: Abstract The joining of dissimilar metals is one of the most essential necessities of industries. Manufacturing by the joint of alloy steel and normal carbon steel is used in production, because it decreases raw material cost. The friction welding process parameters such as friction pressure, friction time, upset pressure, upset time and rotating speed play the major roles in determining the strength and microstructure of the joints. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM), which is a well-known design of experiments approach, is used for modeling the mathematical relation between the responses (tensile strength and maximum temperature), and the friction welding parameters with minimum number of experiments. The results show that RSM is an effective method for this type of problems for developing models and prediction.

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10 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Solidification behaviour of a high chromium nickel base alloy weld deposited metal

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X. J. Di, B. Chen

19 Mar 2015-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the microsegregation potential of major alloying elements in the welded metal was investigated and two possible solidification paths added to the γ-Nb-C pseudoternary solidification diagram were proposed to analyse the solidification sequence of the new high chromium nickel base alloy.

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Abstract: The solidification behaviour including microsegregation and secondary phase formation of a high chromium nickel base alloy weld deposited metal was examined with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Microsegregation potential of major alloying elements in the weld deposited metal was investigated. The microconstituents formed during solidification were identified to be TiC and γ/Laves eutectic constituent. Most γ/Laves eutectic constituents were located at the dendrite interstices due to the microsegregation of Nb, Mo and Si. The volume percent of γ/Laves constituent was predicted by using Scheil equation, and there was a reasonable agreement between the predicted and measured value. Last, two possible solidification paths added to the γ-Nb-C pseudoternary solidification diagram were proposed to analyse the solidification sequence of the new high chromium nickel base alloy.

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10 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Developments in friction stir welding of aluminium to magnesium alloy

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Pradyumn K Arya¹, Neelesh Kumar Jain¹, Jayaprakash Murugesan¹, Vinay Kumar Patel•Institutions (1)

Indian Institute of Technology Indore¹

21 Sep 2021-Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the advancement of work towards dissimilar friction stir welding of Al to Mg alloy, and present a review of the work in this area. But their main focus is on joining dissimilar aluminium and magnesium alignments.

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Abstract: The essential purpose of this review paper is to describe the advancement of work towards dissimilar friction stir welding of Al to Mg alloy. Nowadays, joining dissimilar aluminium and magnesium al...

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10 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Optimization of welding parameters for DP600/TRIP800 dissimilar joints

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Khaled Omer H. Marwan, Ramazan Kaçar

04 Jan 2018-Materials Testing-Materials and Components Technology and Application

TL;DR: In this paper, the DP600/TRIP800 dissimilar steel couple was joined using resistance spot welding by combining various welding parameters including welding current, welding time and electrode force, and the tensile shear test was applied for determining relationship between welding parameters and mechanical properties of weldment.

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Abstract: The widespread application of resistance spot welding in automotive body assemblies has made it mandatory for automotive manufacturers to examine the quality of the welding. A variety of destructive and nondestructive tests are applied and the weld nugget size is examined for inspection for weld quality. Because of the wide variety of welding parameters used in the spot welding, a welding diagram which gives the optimum weldability range for the welded material is required and extensively used. Due to the different chemical, physical and mechanical properties of different materials in dissimilar joints, it is difficult to evaluate the quality of the weld. In this study, the DP600/TRIP800 dissimilar steel couple was joined using resistance spot welding by combining various welding parameters including welding current, welding time and electrode force. The tensile shear test was applied for determining relationship between welding parameters and mechanical properties of weldment. For quality inspec...

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10 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Investigation of low current gas tungsten arc welding using split anode calorimetry

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Stephan Egerland¹, Paul A. Colegrove², Stewart W. Williams²•Institutions (2)

Fronius International GmbH¹, Cranfield University²

02 Jan 2017-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate low current arcs and show that both the current and power distributions have minima in the centre, varying significantly from the expected Gaussian profile, due to the formation of the arc with the copper anode and the tungsten cathode.

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Abstract: Most previous split anode calorimetry research has applied high weld currents which exhibit pseudo Gaussian distributions of arc current and power density. In this paper we investigate low current arcs and show that both the current and power distributions have minima in the centre – varying significantly from the expected Gaussian profile. This was postulated due to the formation of the arc with the copper anode and the tungsten cathode. Furthermore, a number of parameters were varied including the step size between measurements, anode thickness and anode surface condition as well as cathode type and tip geometry. The step size between measurements significantly influenced the distribution profile and the anode thickness needed to be above 7 mm to obtain consistent results.

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10 citations