Welding Metallurgy of

Home
/
Papers
/
Welding Metallurgy of

Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-

About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.

...read moreread less

Citations

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties

[...]

E. O. Olakanmi¹, E. O. Olakanmi², Robert F. Cochrane¹, Kenneth Dalgarno³•Institutions (3)

University of Leeds¹, Federal University of Technology Minna², Newcastle University³

01 Oct 2015-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

...read moreread less

1,172 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....
[...]
...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
[...]
...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...
[...]
...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off

[...]

Leifeng Liu¹, Qingqing Ding², Yuan Zhong¹, Ji Zou³, Jing Wu³, Yu-Lung Chiu³, Jixue Li², Ze Zhang², Qian Yu², Zhijian Shen¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (3)

Stockholm University¹, Zhejiang University², University of Birmingham³

06 Dec 2017-Materials Today

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

...read moreread less

557 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

[...]

Majid Pouranvari¹, S. P. H. Marashi²•Institutions (2)

Islamic Azad University¹, Amirkabir University of Technology²

18 Nov 2013-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

...read moreread less

369 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....
[...]
...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....
[...]
...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....
[...]
...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....
[...]
...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

[...]

João Pedro Oliveira¹, Telmo G. Santos¹, Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda¹•Institutions (1)

University of Lisbon¹

01 Jan 2020-Progress in Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

...read moreread less

369 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Using deep neural network with small dataset to predict material defects

[...]

Shuo Feng¹, Huiyu Zhou¹, Hongbiao Dong¹•Institutions (1)

University of Leicester¹

15 Jan 2019-Materials & Design

TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

...read moreread less

314 citations

Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....
[...]

1
2
3
4
…
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199

Collapse

References

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

Superelasticity preservation in dissimilar joint of NiTi shape memory alloy to biomedical PtIr

[...]

A. Shamsolhodaei¹, João Pedro Oliveira², B. Panton³, Belén Ballesteros⁴, N. Schell⁵, Y. Zhou¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (5)

University of Waterloo¹, Universidade Nova de Lisboa², Ohio State University³, Spanish National Research Council⁴, Max Planck Society⁵

01 May 2021-Materialia

TL;DR: In this article, a laser microwelding was used to join superelastic NiTi to biomedical PtIr, which can be used in multicomponent biomedical devices.

...read moreread less

10 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Method for welding highly crack susceptible magnesium alloy ZK60

[...]

Z. H. Yu¹, Hongge Yan¹, Shujun Chen², J.H. Chen¹, P. L. Zeng¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Hunan University¹, Beijing University of Technology²

01 Jul 2010-Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the compositions of filler strips on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated, and a high quality joint was obtained with the ultimate tensile strength of 322 MPa up to 90% of the base metal.

...read moreread less

Abstract: The highly crack susceptible magnesium alloy ZK60 plates of 2 mm thickness were successfully welded by laser beam welding (LBW) with filler strip, which has the advantages of low heat input and capability of adjusting the compositions of weld metal to a less susceptible level. The effects of the compositions of filler strips on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. Compared with autogenous LBW, LBW with filler strip can produce a narrower joint and avoid the cracks and pits, which severely worsen mechanical properties of the joints. When the filler strip of ZK40 alloy is employed, the grains in fusion zone can be refined, and a high quality joint, with the ultimate tensile strength of 322 MPa up to 90·7% of the base metal, is obtained.

...read moreread less

10 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Characterizations of dissimilar S32205/316L welds using austenitic, super-austenitic and super-duplex filler metals

[...]

A. Taheri¹, Behrooz Beidokhti², B. Shayegh Boroujeny³, A. R. Valizadeh⁴•Institutions (4)

Islamic Azad University, Isfahan¹, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad², Shahrekord University³, Brunel University London⁴

05 Jan 2020-International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials

TL;DR: In this article, the microstructures of the welds were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, and all of the specimens were evaluated by ferrite measurements, and the mechanical properties were studied through hardness, tensile, and impact tests.

...read moreread less

Abstract: UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel plates were welded to AISI 316L stainless steel using the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding process with three different filler metals: ER2594, ER312, and ER385. The microstructures of the welds were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, and all of the specimens were evaluated by ferrite measurements. The mechanical properties were studied through hardness, tensile, and impact tests. In addition, the pitting resistance equivalent number was calculated and cyclic polarization tests were performed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the weld metal. The results showed that chromium nitride was formed in the heat-affected zone of the duplex side, whereas no sigma phase was detected in any of the specimens. The ferrite number increased from the root pass to the final pass. The absorbed energies of the impact test decreased with increasing ferrite number, whereas the tensile strength was enhanced. The fully austenitic microstructure of the specimen welded with ER385 exhibited the highest resistance to pitting corrosion at 25°C, and the super-duplex weld metal presented superior corrosion resistance at 50°C.

...read moreread less

10 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Getting the Strain Under Control: Trans-Varestraint Tests for Hot Cracking Susceptibility

[...]

D. Statharas¹, Helen V. Atkinson², Helen V. Atkinson¹, Rob Thornton¹, John Marsden³, Hongbiao Dong¹, Wen Shuwen³ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (3)

University of Leicester¹, Cranfield University², Tata Steel³

12 Feb 2019-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-physical Metallurgy and Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a new method for conducting Trans-Varestraint tests for assessing hot cracking susceptibility is proposed, and experiments were carried out, to validate the new method, with an industrial scale rig using tungsten inert gas welding.

...read moreread less

Abstract: A new method for conducting Trans-Varestraint tests for assessing hot cracking susceptibility is proposed. Experiments were carried out, to validate the new method, with an industrial scale rig using tungsten inert gas welding. The hot cracking susceptibility of API-5L X65 and EN3B steel was compared. The results indicated that, by using the new method, the strain applied to the welding bead and consequently to the solidification front was controlled in a repeatable and reliable way. The results also indicated that EN3B has a maximum crack length (a parameter in the test) higher than X65 and it is reached at lower augmented strain thus demonstrating it is more susceptible to hot cracking, while also indicating that there is a capability of predicting the initiation position of hot cracks during welding. By using the method proposed, the capability of setting standardized test procedures for Trans-Varestraint tests is improved. It is recommended that future tests for assessing hot cracking susceptibility should employ the proposed method in order for the results to be comparable and to also study the effect of strain rate in hot cracking of materials.

...read moreread less

10 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Nano- and Submicron Particles Emission during Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of Steel: Differences between Automatic and Manual Process

[...]

Elena Baracchini¹, Carlotta Bianco¹, Matteo Crosera¹, Francesca Larese Filon¹, Elena Belluso², Silvana Capella², Giovanni Maina², Gianpiero Adami¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (2)

University of Trieste¹, University of Turin²

01 Jan 2017-Aerosol and Air Quality Research

TL;DR: In this paper, two real sources of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) fume particles, collected in an automotive plant, were characterized by means of a transmission electron microscope coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analytical system (TEM-EDS).

...read moreread less

Abstract: Welding operations originate micro and nanoparticles represented by metal oxides, unoxidized metals and compounds, such as fluorides and chlorides. Welding fumes exposure is associated to lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, asthma and early Parkinson disease. Ultrafine (nanosized) particles in welding fumes are considered a risk factor in terms of occupational exposure: when inhaled, they are efficiently deposited in all regions of the respiratory tract and can translocate to other target organs as brain and systemic circulation. The study of nanoparticles emissions during welding can help to understand effects related also to new-engineered nanoparticles exposure.In our study two real sources of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) fume particles, collected in an automotive plant, were characterized by means of a transmission electron microscope coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analytical system (TEM-EDS) and compared to a zone of the plant far from the two sources used as a reference background. The particles sampled during the automatic GTAW process were mainly constituted by iron/manganese oxide with a mean diameter of 47 nm, followed by smaller iron oxide nanoparticles (21 nm). During the manual welding process mostly aggregates with larger diameters that showed an X-ray spectrum characteristic of different kinds of silicates were found. Iron and cobalt oxides nanoparticles were present only inside bigger aggregates mainly composed of aluminum and titanium oxides.This study confirms that welders are exposed to nano- and submicron particles and that iron/manganese oxide nanoparticles are the most representative in automatic process, despite the low concentration of manganese in welding wires (1–2%). Our results help to understand hazard related to welding fumes exposure and possible effects of nanoparticles on lung, brain and systemic circulation.

...read moreread less

10 citations