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Welding Metallurgy of

01 Jan 1987-
About: The article was published on 1987-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 991 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) processing of aluminium powders is reviewed from different perspectives, including powder metallurgy (P/M), pulsed electric current (PECS), and laser welding of aluminium alloys.

1,172 citations


Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

  • ...(......................................................3/)(16 33* VSL GSG ∆=∆ θπγ According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is perceived as being initiated by epitaxial growth from the substrate and proceeds by competitive growth toward the center line of the weld....

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  • ...100 the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucl eatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....

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  • ...According to Kou [144] and Savage [145], growth of the solid in fusion welding is...

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  • ...Whereas, the predominant mechanism of solidification in fusion welding is the competitive growth in the weld fusion zone, Kou [144] identified and discussed the details of other mechanisms such as dendrite fragmentation, grain detachment, heterogeneous nucleation and surface nucleatio that may tend can interrupt and/or dominate the solidification structure in fusion welding....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the pre-existing dislocation network, which maintains its configuration during the entire plastic deformation, is an ideal modulator that is able to slow down but not entirely block the dislocation motion.

557 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental understanding of structure-properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds is discussed. And a brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.
Abstract: Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

369 citations


Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

  • ...Despite the fact that Schaeffler diagram predicts two phases (austenite plus ferrite) in the FZ of AISI 304 weld nugget microstructure, under rapid solidification conditions such as laser beam welding, a shift in solidification mode may occur.(90) It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification....

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  • ...In coarse grained region, which is beside the FZ, both high cooling rate and large austenite grain size coupled with the formation of the carbon rich austenite promote the formation of the martensite.(90) Figure 15 shows the microstructure gradient in TRIP780 RSW....

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  • ...The HAZ in carbon steel weldments can be divided into three distinct subregions: (i) upper critical HAZ (UCHAZ): This region experiences peak temperatures above Ac3 transforming BM microstructure into austenite.(90) Depending on the peak temperature the supercritical HAZ can be divided to the following zones: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine grained HAZ....

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  • ...It is generally believed that the change in solidification mode can often result in a fully austenitic microstructure compared to the two phase (ferrite plus austenite) microstructure that is commonly found after primary ferrite solidification.(90,95,96) Although the change in solidification mode of stainless steel in RSW has not been studied yet, very high cooling rate in RSW process can explain the formation of a fully austenitic weld nugget, as it is the case for laser beam welding....

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  • ...If this temperature is above Mf, there can be untransformed austenite left in the FZ and it can redecompose to untempered martensite upon cooling to room temperature after tempering.(90) For a particular tempering time and tempering current, there is a minimum cooling time to achieve PF mode....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

369 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study attempted to predict solidification defects by DNN regression with a small dataset that contains 487 data points and found that a pre-trained and fine-tuned DNN shows better generalization performance over shallow neural network, support vector machine, and DNN trained by conventional methods.

314 citations


Cites background from "Welding Metallurgy of"

  • ...Solidification crack is one of the most serious defects which occurs widely in welding [27,28], casting [29–31] and additive manufacturing (AM) [32,33], which occurs at the last stage of solidification when liquid films exist between dendrites boundaries where local strains cannot be accommodated by liquid feeding and solid deformation....

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References
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Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure of aluminum alloy 2219 was examined in the partially melted zone (PMZ), which is a narrow region immediately outside the fusion zone, and extensive liquation was observed at three different locations: at large {theta} (Al{sub 2}Cu) particles, along grain boundaries (GBs) and at numerous isolated points within grains.
Abstract: Aluminum Alloy 2219 was welded by gas metal arc welding and the microstructure was examined in the partially melted zone (PMZ), which is a narrow region immediately outside the fusion zone. Extensive liquation was observed at three different locations: at large {theta} (Al{sub 2}Cu) particles, along grain boundaries (GBs) and at numerous isolated points within grains. Liquation was initiated at the eutectic temperature T{sub E}, by the eutectic reaction {alpha} + {theta} {r_arrow} L{sub E} and intensified by further melting, above T{sub E}, of the {alpha} matrix surrounding the eutectic liquid (L{sub E}). The microstructure of the liquated-and-solidified GB material is intriguing. First, the material consisted of a new GB of mostly thin, divorced eutectic and a eutectic-free strip of {alpha} immediately next to it. Second, within an individual grain, the strip was along the top and the side facing the weld. Third, with respect to the weld, the strip was always behind the new GB. These three characteristics point to an important phenomenon, that is, solidification of the liquated GB is directional - upward and toward the weld, as a result of the temperature gradients across the PMZ. A thin, brittle eutectic GB and a soft ductile {alpha} stripmore » side by side are expected to be much weaker than a normal GB before welding.« less

75 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, laser welding of single crystal-like Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloys was performed, and the microstructure and tensile properties were evaluated to understand the effect of laser welding on the microstructural and mechanical features of the welded joints.

74 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Jae-il Jang1, Dongil Son1, Yun-Hee Lee1, Yeol Choi1, Dongil Kwon1 
TL;DR: In this article, an instrumented indentation technique was applied to evaluate the welding residual stress in A335 P12 steel welds in electric power-plant facilities before and after stress-relaxation annealing.

73 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a computational framework which weakly couples a finite element thermal model to a non-equilibrium PF model was developed to investigate the rapid solidification microstructure of a Ni-Nb alloy during L-PBF.

73 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Jiayun Shao1, Gang Yu1, Xiuli He1, Shaoxia Li1, Ru Chen1, Yao Zhao1 
TL;DR: In this paper, experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of processing parameters including scanning speed, laser power and powder feeding rate on grain size of the solidified track during laser metal deposition.
Abstract: The processing parameters in laser additive manufacturing have a crucial impact on solidification microstructure especially grain size, thus influencing the properties of the final products. In this paper, experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of processing parameters including scanning speed, laser power and powder feeding rate on grain size of the solidified track during laser metal deposition. A three-dimensional model considering heat transfer, phase change and Marangoni convection flow had also been developed to simulate the solidification parameters especially cooling rate (G × R) to illustrate the underlying mechanisms. The experimental and simulated results indicated that cooling rate increased and grain size decreased from 8.7 μm to 4.7 μm with the increase of scanning speed from 2 mm/s to 10 mm/s. Contrarily, cooling rate decreased and grain size increased with the increase of laser power and powder feeding rate. The numerical and experimental results provide the additive manufacturing process with the potential of microstructure control and performance optimization.

72 citations