What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual drivers? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change

doi:10.1023/A:1021234607980

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What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual drivers? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change

Journal Article•DOI•

What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual drivers? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change

Satoshi Fujii¹, Ryuichi Kitamura²•Institutions (2)

Tokyo Institute of Technology¹, Kyoto University²

01 Feb 2003-Transportation (Kluwer Academic Publishers)-Vol. 30, Iss: 1, pp 81-95

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether a temporary structural change would induce a lasting increase in drivers' public transport use, and found that attitudes toward bus were more positive and the frequency of bus use increased, whereas the habits of using automobile decreased from before the intervention, even one month after the intervention period.

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Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate whether a temporary structural change would induce a lasting increase in drivers' public transport use. An experiment targeting 43 drivers was carried out, in which a one-month free bus ticket was given to 23 drivers in an experimental group but not to 20 drivers in a control group. Attitudes toward, habits of, and frequency of using automobile and bus were measured immediately before, immediately after, and one month after the one-month long intervention. The results showed that attitudes toward bus were more positive and that the frequency of bus use increased, whereas the habits of using automobile decreased from before the intervention, even one month after the intervention period. Furthermore, the increase in habitual bus use had the largest effect on the increase in the frequency of bus use. The results suggest that a temporary structural change, such as offering auto drivers a temporary free bus ticket, may be an important travel demand management tool for converting automotive travel demand to public-transport travel demand.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour : An integrative review and research agenda

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Linda Steg, Charles Vlek¹•Institutions (1)

University of Groningen¹

01 Sep 2009-Journal of Environmental Psychology

TL;DR: In this paper, the contribution and potential of environmental psychology for understanding and promoting pro-environmental behaviour is discussed. But, the authors focus on four main factors underlying human behaviour patterns: identification of the behaviour to be changed, examination of the main factors behind this behaviour, design and application of interventions to change behaviour to reduce environmental impact, and evaluation of the effects of interventions.

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3,297 citations

Cites background from "What does a one-month free bus tick..."

...For example, one cannot travel by bus when no bus service is available, while a free bus ticket may result in an increase in bus ridership (e.g., Bamberg & Schmidt, 1999; Fujii & Kitamura, 2004)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits

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Bas Verplanken¹, Wendy Wood²•Institutions (2)

University of Tromsø¹, Duke University²

01 Apr 2006-Journal of Public Policy & Marketing

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose two potential habit change interventions: upstream and downstream-plus interventions, where upstream interventions occur before habit performance and disrupt old environmental cues and establish new ones; downstream interventions provide informational input at points when habits are vulnerable to change.

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Abstract: Interventions to change everyday behaviors often attempt to change people's beliefs and intentions. As the authors explain, these interventions are unlikely to be an effective means to change behaviors that people have repeated into habits. Successful habit change interventions involve disrupting the environmental factors that automatically cue habit performance. The authors propose two potential habit change interventions. “Downstream-plus” interventions provide informational input at points when habits are vulnerable to change, such as when people are undergoing naturally occurring changes in performance environments for many everyday actions (e.g., moving households, changing jobs). “Upstream” interventions occur before habit performance and disrupt old environmental cues and establish new ones. Policy interventions can be oriented not only to the change of established habits but also to the acquisition and maintenance of new behaviors through the formation of new habits.

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1,031 citations

Cites background from "What does a one-month free bus tick..."

...…in evaluating the success of such downstreamplus-context-change interventions, though there is good reason to believe that they will be more successful at altering everyday lifestyle habits than downstream interventions alone (e.g., simply providing a free bus pass; see Fujii and Kitamura 2003)....
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...…change travel behaviors include providing free bus tickets and passes, both of which have proved effective at increasing frequency of bus ridership among college students, a group likely to be still learning about transportation options (Bamberg, Ajzen, and Schmidt 2003; Fujii and Kitamura 2003)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Understanding attitudes towards public transport and private car: A qualitative study

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Gabriela Beirão¹, J. Sarsfield Cabral¹•Institutions (1)

University of Porto¹

01 Nov 2007-Transport Policy

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a qualitative study of public transport users and car users in order to obtain a deeper understanding of travellers' attitudes towards transport and to explore perceptions of public transportation service quality.

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997 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Quality attributes of public transport that attract car users : A research review

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Lauren Redman¹, Margareta Friman², Tommy Gärling², Tommy Gärling³, Terry Hartig¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (3)

Uppsala University¹, Karlstad University², University of Gothenburg³

01 Jan 2013-Transport Policy

TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative systematic review was conducted to identify the attributes most effective in attracting car users to use public transport services compared to private cars, and they concluded that while service reliability and frequency are important PT attributes in general, those attributes are largely affective and connected to individual perceptions, motivations and contexts.

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575 citations

Cites background from "What does a one-month free bus tick..."

...As mentioned above, those studies conducted by Fujii and Kitamura (2003), Thøgersen (2009) and Thøgersen and Møller (2008) all found that free PT use has an initial effect in attracting car users to PT services, but that other quality attributes are important for sustaining this mode switch over…...
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...Fujii and Kitamura (2003), Thøgersen (2009), and Thøgersen and Møller (2008) all conducted studies on the impact on private car users of a period of free PT travel....
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...…and the provision of additional travel information material (Bamberg et al., 2003; De Witte et al., 2006; Fitzroy and Smith, 1998, 1999; Fujii et al., 2001; Fujii and Kitamura, 2003; Perone and Volinski, 2003; Thøgersen, 2009; Thøgersen and Møller, 2008; Wall and McDonald, 2007; Webb et al., 2007)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Carbon Lock-In: Types, Causes, and Policy Implications

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Karen C. Seto¹, Steven J. Davis², Steven J. Davis³, Steven J. Davis⁴, Ronald B. Mitchell⁵, Eleanor C. Stokes¹, Gregory C. Unruh, Diana Ürge-Vorsatz⁶ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (6)

Yale University¹, National Bureau of Economic Research², University of Chicago³, Hoover Institution⁴, University of Oregon⁵, Central European University⁶

20 Oct 2016-Annual Review of Environment and Resources

TL;DR: A systematic review of carbon lock-in can be found in this article, where the authors characterize the types and causes of carbon-lock-in, or quantitatively assess and evaluate its policy implications.

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Abstract: Existing technologies, institutions, and behavioral norms together act to constrain the rate and magnitude of carbon emissions reductions in the coming decades. The inertia of carbon emissions due to such mutually reinforcing physical, economic, and social constraints is referred to as carbon lock-in. Carbon lock-in is a special case of path dependency, which is common in the evolution of complex systems. However, carbon lock-in is particularly prone to entrenchment given the large capital costs, long infrastructure lifetimes, and interrelationships between the socioeconomic and technical systems involved. Further, the urgency of efforts to avoid dangerous climate change exacerbates the liability of even small lock-in risks. Although carbon lock-in has been recognized for years, efforts to characterize the types and causes of carbon lock-in, or to quantitatively assess and evaluate its policy implications, have been limited and scattered across a number of different disciplines. This systematic review of ...

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529 citations

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"What does a one-month free bus tick..." refers background in this paper

...However, travel mode choice does not directly depend on the objective service level of the transportation system, but on psychological factors such as beliefs, attitudes, and habits that may be influenced by the service level (Fishbein & Ajzen 1975; Ajzen & Fishbien 1980; Ajzen 1991; Verplanken & Aarts 1999)....
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...The results may also indicate that the effect on behavior of habit dominates that of attitude, although the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen 1975) and the theory of planned behavior ( Ajzen 1991 ) have neglected this when positing attitude as a determinant of behavior....
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"What does a one-month free bus tick..." refers background in this paper

...The results may also indicate that the effect on behavior of habit dominates that of attitude, although the theory of reasoned action ( Fishbein & Ajzen 1975 ) and the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen 1991) have neglected this when positing attitude as a determinant of behavior....
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...However, travel mode choice does not directly depend on the objective service level of the transportation system, but on psychological factors such as beliefs, attitudes, and habits that may be influenced by the service level ( Fishbein & Ajzen 1975; Ajzen & Fishbien 1980; Ajzen 1991; Verplanken & Aarts 1999)....
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"What does a one-month free bus tick..." refers methods or result in this paper

...This furthermore supports the views by Garling et al. (2001) and Verplanken and Aarts (1999) that scripts ( Schank & Abelson 1977 ), implying automaticity of choice, directly determines behavior....
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...It was also adopted by Garling et al. (2001) as a measure of the degree of script-based choice ( Schank & Abelson 1977 )....
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