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What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study the surprisingly low level and stagnation of female labor force participation rates in urban India between 1987 and 2009, and find that a combination of supply and demand effects have contributed to this stagnation, including rising household incomes, husband's education, stigmas against educated women engaging in menial work, and falling selectivity of highly educated women.
Abstract: We study the surprisingly low level and stagnation of female labor force participation rates in urban India between 1987 and 2009. Despite rising growth, fertility decline, and rising wages and education levels, women's labor force participation stagnated at around 18%. Using five large cross-sectional micro surveys, we find that a combination of supply and demand effects have contributed to this stagnation. The main supply side factors were rising household incomes, husband's education, stigmas against educated women engaging in menial work, and falling selectivity of highly educated women. On the demand side, employment in sectors appropriate for educated women grew less than the supply of educated workers, leading many women to withdraw from the labor force.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of demographic factors, economic growth and labor market institutions in explaining young people's transition into work, as well as differences in the setup and functioning of the vocational education and training policies in major world regions, are assessed.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the determinants of the labor market situation of young people in developed countries and the developing world, with a particular emphasis on the role of vocational training and education policies. We highlight the role of demographic factors, economic growth and labor market institutions in explaining young people's transition into work. Subsequently, we assess differences between the setup and functioning of the vocational education and training policies across major world regions as an important driver of differential labor market situation of youth. Based on our analysis, we argue in favor of vocational education and training systems combining work experience and general education and provide some policy recommendations regarding the implementation of education and training systems adapted to a country's economic and institutional context.

193 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that the higher the wealth index of a woman's household, the less likely the woman is to participate in the labor force, even when the presence of a male wage worker in the household is accounted for.

7 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Hanan Nazier1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated demand for female labor in Egyptian manufacturing sector and found that the number of females employed by firms is higher in industries with higher share of firms that export, and in high technology industries.

6 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is built to study the impact of gender-targeted policies on female labor force participation, female formal employment, gender wage gap, as well as on aggregate economic outcomes.
Abstract: This paper examines the macroeconomic interaction between informality and gender inequality in the labor market. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is built to study the impact of gender-targeted policies on female labor force participation, female formal employment, gender wage gap, as well as on aggregate economic outcomes. The model is estimated using Bayesian techniques and Indian data. Although these policies are found to increase female labor force participation and output, lack of sufficient formal job creation due to labor market rigidities leads to an increase in unemployment and informality, and further widens gender gaps in formal employment and wages. Simultaneously implementing such policies with formal job creating policies helps remove these adverse impacts while also leading to significantly larger gains in output.

2 citations

Posted Content
22 Aug 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, a descriptive analysis of enrollment in the tertiary education, graduation, business creation, employment and school attainment over the period 1990-2012 was performed to analyze the relationship between education and the inclusion of women in the labor markets and businesses.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the inclusion of women in the Moroccan labor markets and businesses through the role of higher education. The paper is based on a descriptive analysis of enrollment in the tertiary education, graduation, business creation, employment and school attainment over the period 1990-2012. This research investigates also the dynamic processes pursued by each variable in relation to gender. It then analyzes the relationships between education and the inclusion of women in the labor markets and businesses. The attained results show that higher education has a statistically significant positive influence on the inclusion of women in the labor market and in business creation. Schooling of women with higher education attainment is an important instrument to be promoted for further inclusion of women in the economy of Morocco.

1 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the bias that results from using non-randomly selected samples to estimate behavioral relationships as an ordinary specification error or "omitted variables" bias is discussed, and the asymptotic distribution of the estimator is derived.
Abstract: Sample selection bias as a specification error This paper discusses the bias that results from using non-randomly selected samples to estimate behavioral relationships as an ordinary specification error or «omitted variables» bias. A simple consistent two stage estimator is considered that enables analysts to utilize simple regression methods to estimate behavioral functions by least squares methods. The asymptotic distribution of the estimator is derived.

23,995 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamental role played by factor accumulation in explaining the extraordinary postwar growth of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan has been discussed, and it has been shown that the growth of output and manufacturing exports in these newly industrializing countries of East Asia is virtually unprecedented, but the growth in total factor productivity in these economies is not.
Abstract: This paper documents the fundamental role played by factor accumulation in explaining the extraordinary postwar growth of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Participation rates, educational levels, and (excepting Hong Kong) investment rates have risen rapidly in all four economies. In addition, in most cases there has been a large intersectoral transfer of labor into manufacturing, which has helped fuel growth in that sector. Once one accounts for the dramatic rise in factor inputs, one arrives at estimated total factor productivity growth rates that are closely approximated by the historical performance of many of the OECD and Latin American economies. While the growth of output and manufacturing exports in the newly industrializing countries of East Asia is virtually unprecedented, the growth of total factor productivity in these economies is not.

1,847 citations

01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the impact of agricultural modernization on the employment of women in rural and urban areas of Africa, focusing on the effects of women's status loss of status under European rule.
Abstract: Part 1 In the village: male and female farming systems the division of labour within African agriculture the plough, the veil and the labourer population pressure and sex roles in farming the economics of polygamy the status of younger wives work input and women's status loss of status under European rule the responsibility of the Europeans from cultivator to family aid the revolt of the women the casual worker the influence of caste on women's work and wages cheap labour for the export sector the female coolie the impact of agricultural modernization on the employment of women. Part 2 In the town: women in a men's world sex and race in market trade work input and earnings of market women from the market place to the super-market female services in male towns domestic servants industry - from the hut to the factory women's drop-out from industry why employers prefer male workers why women shun the factory the educated woman seclusion in the professionals the feminization of clerical jobs the pull of white collar jobs women in the urban hierarchy sex differentials in industrial skills and wages the hierarchy of race and sex the status of white collar workers. Part 3 From village to town: the lure of the town the value of subsistence production subsistence activities in urban areas urban job opportunities for women the two steps in economic development the impact of tradition and of imported culture patterns the pattern of migration and of female work the Arab and the Latin American patterns the South East Asian pattern the African pattern the unemployment scare employment opportunities in rural areas the urban labour market education as a cause of unemployment the cost of urbanization the strategy of development planning the design of female education the productivity of female labour the escape from competition a new pattern for the future

1,725 citations

Book
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss basic education as a political issue in India and China, and gender inequality and women's agency as well as security and democracy in a nuclear India.
Abstract: 1 Introduction and Approach 2 Economic Development and Social Opportunity 3 India in Comparative Perspective 4 India and China 5 Basic Education as a Political Issue 6 Population, Health, and the Environment 7 Gender Inequality and Women's Agency 8 Security and Democracy in a Nuclear India 9 Well Beyond Liberalization 10 The Practice of Democracy

1,074 citations

Posted ContentDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique is used to identify and quantify the separate contributions of group differences in measurable characteristics, such as education, experience, marital status, and geographical differences to racial and gender gaps in outcomes.
Abstract: The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique is widely used to identify and quantify the separate contributions of group differences in measurable characteristics, such as education, experience, marital status, and geographical differences to racial and gender gaps in outcomes. The technique cannot be used directly, however, if the outcome is binary and the coefficients are from a logit or probit model. I describe a relatively simple method of performing a decomposition that uses estimates from a logit or probit model. Expanding on the original application of the technique in Fairlie (1999), I provide a more thorough discussion of how to apply the technique, an analysis of the sensitivity of the decomposition estimates to different parameters, and the calculation of standard errors.

926 citations