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Journal Article•

What is left

Katrin Balzer
01 May 2004-Pflege Zeitschrift (Pflege Z)-Vol. 57, Iss: 5, pp 299-299
About: This article is published in Pflege Zeitschrift.The article was published on 2004-05-01 and is currently open access. It has received 22 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Text mining.
Citations
More filters
Proceedings Article•
MCTest: A Challenge Dataset for the Open-Domain Machine Comprehension of Text

[...]

Matthew Richardson1, Christopher J. C. Burges1, Erin L. Renshaw1•
Microsoft1
01 Oct 2013
TL;DR: MCTest is presented, a freely available set of stories and associated questions intended for research on the machine comprehension of text that requires machines to answer multiple-choice reading comprehension questions about fictional stories, directly tackling the high-level goal of open-domain machine comprehension.
Abstract: We present MCTest, a freely available set of stories and associated questions intended for research on the machine comprehension of text. Previous work on machine comprehension (e.g., semantic modeling) has made great strides, but primarily focuses either on limited-domain datasets, or on solving a more restricted goal (e.g., open-domain relation extraction). In contrast, MCTest requires machines to answer multiple-choice reading comprehension questions about fictional stories, directly tackling the high-level goal of open-domain machine comprehension. Reading comprehension can test advanced abilities such as causal reasoning and understanding the world, yet, by being multiple-choice, still provide a clear metric. By being fictional, the answer typically can be found only in the story itself. The stories and questions are also carefully limited to those a young child would understand, reducing the world knowledge that is required for the task. We present the scalable crowd-sourcing methods that allow us to cheaply construct a dataset of 500 stories and 2000 questions. By screening workers (with grammar tests) and stories (with grading), we have ensured that the data is the same quality as another set that we manually edited, but at one tenth the editing cost. By being open-domain, yet carefully restricted, we hope MCTest will serve to encourage research and provide a clear metric for advancement on the machine comprehension of text. 1 Reading Comprehension A major goal for NLP is for machines to be able to understand text as well as people. Several research disciplines are focused on this problem: for example, information extraction, relation extraction, semantic role labeling, and recognizing textual entailment. Yet these techniques are necessarily evaluated individually, rather than by how much they advance us towards the end goal. On the other hand, the goal of semantic parsing is the machine comprehension of text (MCT), yet its evaluation requires adherence to a specific knowledge representation, and it is currently unclear what the best representation is, for open-domain text. We believe that it is useful to directly tackle the top-level task of MCT. For this, we need a way to measure progress. One common method for evaluating someone’s understanding of text is by giving them a multiple-choice reading comprehension test. This has the advantage that it is objectively gradable (vs. essays) yet may test a range of abilities such as causal or counterfactual reasoning, inference among relations, or just basic understanding of the world in which the passage is set. Therefore, we propose a multiple-choice reading comprehension task as a way to evaluate progress on MCT. We have built a reading comprehension dataset containing 500 fictional stories, with 4 multiple choice questions per story. It was built using methods which can easily scale to at least 5000 stories, since the stories were created, and the curation was done, using crowd sourcing almost entirely, at a total of $4.00 per story. We plan to periodically update the dataset to ensure that methods are not overfitting to the existing data. The dataset is open-domain, yet restricted to concepts and words that a 7 year old is expected to understand. This task is still beyond the capability of today’s computers and algorithms.

745 citations

Cites background from "What is left"

  • ...DARPA introduced the Airline Travel Information System (ATIS) in the early 90’s: there the task was to slot-fill flight-related information by modeling the intent of spoken language (see Tur et al., 2010, for a review)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Structural neuroimaging of social cognition in progressive non-fluent aphasia and behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia

[...]

Blas Couto1, Facundo Manes1, Patricia Montañés2, Diana Matallana3, Pablo Reyes3, Marcela Velasquez1, Adrián Yoris1, Sandra Baez1, Sandra Baez2, Agustín Ibáñez4, Agustín Ibáñez2, Agustín Ibáñez1 •
Favaloro University1, National Scientific and Technical Research Council2, Pontifical Xavierian University3, Diego Portales University4
16 Aug 2013-Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
TL;DR: Results suggest that in spite of similar social cognition impairments reported in bvFTD and PNFA, the former represents an inherent ToM affectation whereas in the PN FA these deficits could be related to more basic processes of face and emotion recognition.
Abstract: Social cognition impairments are pervasive in the frontotemporal dementias (FTD). These deficits would be triggered by (a) basic emotion and face recognition processes as well as by (b) higher level social cognition (e.g., theory of mind, ToM). Both emotional processing and social cognition impairments have been previously reported in the behavioral variant of FTD (bvFTD) and also in other versions of FTDs, including primary progressive aphasia. However, no neuroanatomic comparison between different FTD variants has been performed. We report selective behavioral impairments of face recognition, emotion recognition, and ToM in patients with bvFTD and progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) when compared to controls. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) shows a classical impairment of mainly orbitofrontal (OFC), anterior cingulate (ACC), insula and lateral temporal cortices in patients. Comparative analysis of regional gray matter related to social cognition deficits (VBM) reveals a differential pattern of fronto-insulo-temporal atrophy in bvFTD and an insulo-temporal involvement in PNFA group. Results suggest that in spite of similar social cognition impairments reported in bvFTD and PNFA, the former represents an inherent ToM affectation whereas in the PNFA these deficits could be related to more basic processes of face and emotion recognition. These results are interpreted in the frame of the fronto-insulo-temporal social context network model (SCNM).

125 citations

Cites background from "What is left"

  • ...On the other hand, face recognition impairments in PNFA were related to atrophy of bilateral posterior fusiform gyrus, bilateral insular cortex, and anterior temporal lobe (ATL). Specifically, atrophy of the posterior fusiform is not an unexpected result, since the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) selectively engaged on early stages of face recognition, was initially described by Kanwisher et al. (1997) less than 10 mm further from our PNFA atrophy peak (MNI x, y, z coordinates, left: −35....

    [...]

  • ...BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT Patients and behavioral controls’ sample received a series of tasks previously reported by Torralva et al. (2009) that were designed to assess face recognition, facial emotion recognition, and ToM (Reading the mind in the eyes test, RMET; Baron-Cohen et al....

    [...]

  • ...On the other hand, face recognition impairments in PNFA were related to atrophy of bilateral posterior fusiform gyrus, bilateral insular cortex, and anterior temporal lobe (ATL). Specifically, atrophy of the posterior fusiform is not an unexpected result, since the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) selectively engaged on early stages of face recognition, was initially described by Kanwisher et al. (1997) less than 10 mm further from our PNFA atrophy peak (MNI x, y, z coordinates, left: −35.35 −64.35 −15.63; right: 40.40 −56.11 −15.16, see Table 4 to compare with atrophy coordinates). On the other hand, an influential macaque study (Freiwald and Tsao, 2010) describes a network for face recognition with its ATL patches located in ventral and superior temporal pole as well as in the anterior bank of the STS, which has been recently confirmed in humans by a combination of fMRI meta-analytic and empirical results (Von Der Heide et al., 2013). In addition, a recent review by Gainotti (2007) shows that patients with right temporal pole damage are more prone to familiar face recognition deficits and poorer naming from facial (visual) stimuli than those who have left temporal pole lesions. This work also points to models of continuity between multimodal perceptual features and conceptual activities, leading to the emergence of familiarity feelings (Bruce and Young, 1986). In line with this wealth of evidence, we found a pattern of posterior fusiform gyrus and right temporal pole atrophy associated to face recognition scores in PNFA that would suggest an engagement of both early discriminative and person-specific stages of face recognition and supports their role in indexing semantic/biographical knowledge (Zahn et al., 2007; Mion et al., 2010; Ross and Olson, 2010; Simmons et al., 2010). Nonetheless, the process of face recognition includes the extraction of emotional expression (Haxby et al., 2000), which contributes to familiarity feelings and person perception (Young and Bruce, 2011). In the classical Bruce and Young model (1986), semantic processing is an integral part of the face structural processing which indexes the attribution of meaning, valence, and salience to facial expressions....

    [...]

  • ...On the other hand, face recognition impairments in PNFA were related to atrophy of bilateral posterior fusiform gyrus, bilateral insular cortex, and anterior temporal lobe (ATL). Specifically, atrophy of the posterior fusiform is not an unexpected result, since the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) selectively engaged on early stages of face recognition, was initially described by Kanwisher et al. (1997) less than 10 mm further from our PNFA atrophy peak (MNI x, y, z coordinates, left: −35.35 −64.35 −15.63; right: 40.40 −56.11 −15.16, see Table 4 to compare with atrophy coordinates). On the other hand, an influential macaque study (Freiwald and Tsao, 2010) describes a network for face recognition with its ATL patches located in ventral and superior temporal pole as well as in the anterior bank of the STS, which has been recently confirmed in humans by a combination of fMRI meta-analytic and empirical results (Von Der Heide et al., 2013). In addition, a recent review by Gainotti (2007) shows that patients with right temporal pole damage are more prone to familiar face recognition deficits and poorer naming from facial (visual) stimuli than those who have left temporal pole lesions....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Opinion formation in a social network: The role of human activity

[...]

Andrzej Grabowski
15 Mar 2009-Physica A-statistical Mechanics and Its Applications
TL;DR: It is found that correlation between the activity of an individual and its connectivity on the process of opinion formation has a significant influence on the temperature of the phase transition and the effect of the mass media, modeled as an external stimulation acting on the social network.
Abstract: The model of opinion formation in human population based on social impact theory is investigated numerically. On the basis of a database received from the on-line game server, we examine the structure of social network and human dynamics. We calculate the activity of individuals, i.e. the relative time devoted daily to interactions with others in the artificial society. We study the influence of correlation between the activity of an individual and its connectivity on the process of opinion formation. We find that such correlations have a significant influence on the temperature of the phase transition and the effect of the mass media, modeled as an external stimulation acting on the social network.

33 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
‘National resources’?:The fragmented citizenship of gas extraction in Tanzania

[...]

Robert Ahearne1, John Childs2•
University of East London1, Lancaster University2
06 Sep 2018-Journal of Eastern African Studies
TL;DR: The authors argue that these struggles are about various articulations of resource sovereignty, and that they should be located less in questions of resource control, than in a historical marginalisation of the south, or what has been called a hidden agenda, that privileges urban centres to the north.
Abstract: Recent discoveries of oil and natural gas across East Africa have provoked a wave of political optimism fuelled by imaginaries of future development Tanzania is a paragon of this trend; its government having asserted its potential to become a globally significant natural gas producer within a decade Yet, this rhetorical promise has been countered by a series of violent confrontations that have taken place between state forces and residents of southern Tanzania Although these struggles are about various articulations of resource sovereignty, this paper argues that they should be located less in questions of resource control, than in a historical marginalisation of the south, or what has been called a ‘hidden agenda’, that privileges urban centres to the north Drawing on original qualitative data generated over three years in Mtwara and Lindi regions, it shows how gas discoveries reveal the fault lines in the construction of an inclusive ‘Tanzanian’ citizenship Protesters counter-narrate their sense of citizenship with insurgent strategies ranging from strike action to calls for secession In short, natural gas discoveries actually extend the fragmentation of an already ‘differentiated citizenship’ Studies of resource conflict and sovereignty, we conclude, should pay more attention to the contested nature of citizenship

29 citations

Posted Content•
Zaller-Deffuant Model of Mass Opinion

[...]

Krzysztof Malarz, Piotr Gronek, Krzysztof Kulakowski
31 Jan 2011-Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
TL;DR: It is shown that an intensive interaction between agents also leads to a consensus, accepted without doubts, in the Zaller model of mass opinion.
Abstract: Recent formulation of the Zaller model of mass opinion is generalized to include the interaction between agents. The mechanism of interaction is close to the bounded confidence model. The outcome of the simulation is the probability distribution of opinions on a given issue as dependent on the mental capacity of agents. Former result was that a small capacity leads to a strong belief. Here we show that an intensive interaction between agents also leads to a consensus, accepted without doubts.

23 citations

References
More filters
Proceedings Article•
MCTest: A Challenge Dataset for the Open-Domain Machine Comprehension of Text

[...]

Matthew Richardson1, Christopher J. C. Burges1, Erin L. Renshaw1•
Microsoft1
01 Oct 2013
TL;DR: MCTest is presented, a freely available set of stories and associated questions intended for research on the machine comprehension of text that requires machines to answer multiple-choice reading comprehension questions about fictional stories, directly tackling the high-level goal of open-domain machine comprehension.
Abstract: We present MCTest, a freely available set of stories and associated questions intended for research on the machine comprehension of text. Previous work on machine comprehension (e.g., semantic modeling) has made great strides, but primarily focuses either on limited-domain datasets, or on solving a more restricted goal (e.g., open-domain relation extraction). In contrast, MCTest requires machines to answer multiple-choice reading comprehension questions about fictional stories, directly tackling the high-level goal of open-domain machine comprehension. Reading comprehension can test advanced abilities such as causal reasoning and understanding the world, yet, by being multiple-choice, still provide a clear metric. By being fictional, the answer typically can be found only in the story itself. The stories and questions are also carefully limited to those a young child would understand, reducing the world knowledge that is required for the task. We present the scalable crowd-sourcing methods that allow us to cheaply construct a dataset of 500 stories and 2000 questions. By screening workers (with grammar tests) and stories (with grading), we have ensured that the data is the same quality as another set that we manually edited, but at one tenth the editing cost. By being open-domain, yet carefully restricted, we hope MCTest will serve to encourage research and provide a clear metric for advancement on the machine comprehension of text. 1 Reading Comprehension A major goal for NLP is for machines to be able to understand text as well as people. Several research disciplines are focused on this problem: for example, information extraction, relation extraction, semantic role labeling, and recognizing textual entailment. Yet these techniques are necessarily evaluated individually, rather than by how much they advance us towards the end goal. On the other hand, the goal of semantic parsing is the machine comprehension of text (MCT), yet its evaluation requires adherence to a specific knowledge representation, and it is currently unclear what the best representation is, for open-domain text. We believe that it is useful to directly tackle the top-level task of MCT. For this, we need a way to measure progress. One common method for evaluating someone’s understanding of text is by giving them a multiple-choice reading comprehension test. This has the advantage that it is objectively gradable (vs. essays) yet may test a range of abilities such as causal or counterfactual reasoning, inference among relations, or just basic understanding of the world in which the passage is set. Therefore, we propose a multiple-choice reading comprehension task as a way to evaluate progress on MCT. We have built a reading comprehension dataset containing 500 fictional stories, with 4 multiple choice questions per story. It was built using methods which can easily scale to at least 5000 stories, since the stories were created, and the curation was done, using crowd sourcing almost entirely, at a total of $4.00 per story. We plan to periodically update the dataset to ensure that methods are not overfitting to the existing data. The dataset is open-domain, yet restricted to concepts and words that a 7 year old is expected to understand. This task is still beyond the capability of today’s computers and algorithms.

745 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Structural neuroimaging of social cognition in progressive non-fluent aphasia and behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia

[...]

Blas Couto1, Facundo Manes1, Patricia Montañés2, Diana Matallana3, Pablo Reyes3, Marcela Velasquez1, Adrián Yoris1, Sandra Baez1, Sandra Baez2, Agustín Ibáñez4, Agustín Ibáñez2, Agustín Ibáñez1 •
Favaloro University1, National Scientific and Technical Research Council2, Pontifical Xavierian University3, Diego Portales University4
16 Aug 2013-Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
TL;DR: Results suggest that in spite of similar social cognition impairments reported in bvFTD and PNFA, the former represents an inherent ToM affectation whereas in the PN FA these deficits could be related to more basic processes of face and emotion recognition.
Abstract: Social cognition impairments are pervasive in the frontotemporal dementias (FTD). These deficits would be triggered by (a) basic emotion and face recognition processes as well as by (b) higher level social cognition (e.g., theory of mind, ToM). Both emotional processing and social cognition impairments have been previously reported in the behavioral variant of FTD (bvFTD) and also in other versions of FTDs, including primary progressive aphasia. However, no neuroanatomic comparison between different FTD variants has been performed. We report selective behavioral impairments of face recognition, emotion recognition, and ToM in patients with bvFTD and progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) when compared to controls. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) shows a classical impairment of mainly orbitofrontal (OFC), anterior cingulate (ACC), insula and lateral temporal cortices in patients. Comparative analysis of regional gray matter related to social cognition deficits (VBM) reveals a differential pattern of fronto-insulo-temporal atrophy in bvFTD and an insulo-temporal involvement in PNFA group. Results suggest that in spite of similar social cognition impairments reported in bvFTD and PNFA, the former represents an inherent ToM affectation whereas in the PNFA these deficits could be related to more basic processes of face and emotion recognition. These results are interpreted in the frame of the fronto-insulo-temporal social context network model (SCNM).

125 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Statistical Physics Of Opinion Formation: Is it a SPOOF?

[...]

Arkadiusz Jędrzejewski1, Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron1•
Wrocław University of Technology1
01 May 2019-Comptes Rendus Physique
TL;DR: In this article, a short review based on the nonlinear q-voter model about problems and methods raised within statistical physics of opinion formation (SPOOF) is presented.

65 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Opinion formation in a social network: The role of human activity

[...]

Andrzej Grabowski
15 Mar 2009-Physica A-statistical Mechanics and Its Applications
TL;DR: It is found that correlation between the activity of an individual and its connectivity on the process of opinion formation has a significant influence on the temperature of the phase transition and the effect of the mass media, modeled as an external stimulation acting on the social network.
Abstract: The model of opinion formation in human population based on social impact theory is investigated numerically. On the basis of a database received from the on-line game server, we examine the structure of social network and human dynamics. We calculate the activity of individuals, i.e. the relative time devoted daily to interactions with others in the artificial society. We study the influence of correlation between the activity of an individual and its connectivity on the process of opinion formation. We find that such correlations have a significant influence on the temperature of the phase transition and the effect of the mass media, modeled as an external stimulation acting on the social network.

33 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
‘National resources’?:The fragmented citizenship of gas extraction in Tanzania

[...]

Robert Ahearne1, John Childs2•
University of East London1, Lancaster University2
06 Sep 2018-Journal of Eastern African Studies
TL;DR: The authors argue that these struggles are about various articulations of resource sovereignty, and that they should be located less in questions of resource control, than in a historical marginalisation of the south, or what has been called a hidden agenda, that privileges urban centres to the north.
Abstract: Recent discoveries of oil and natural gas across East Africa have provoked a wave of political optimism fuelled by imaginaries of future development Tanzania is a paragon of this trend; its government having asserted its potential to become a globally significant natural gas producer within a decade Yet, this rhetorical promise has been countered by a series of violent confrontations that have taken place between state forces and residents of southern Tanzania Although these struggles are about various articulations of resource sovereignty, this paper argues that they should be located less in questions of resource control, than in a historical marginalisation of the south, or what has been called a ‘hidden agenda’, that privileges urban centres to the north Drawing on original qualitative data generated over three years in Mtwara and Lindi regions, it shows how gas discoveries reveal the fault lines in the construction of an inclusive ‘Tanzanian’ citizenship Protesters counter-narrate their sense of citizenship with insurgent strategies ranging from strike action to calls for secession In short, natural gas discoveries actually extend the fragmentation of an already ‘differentiated citizenship’ Studies of resource conflict and sovereignty, we conclude, should pay more attention to the contested nature of citizenship

29 citations