When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry

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When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry

01 Jan 2003-

TL;DR: In this paper, a profile of returning prisoners is presented, along with a discussion of the changing nature of Parole Supervision and Services, and the role of the victim's role in prisoner reentry.

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Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Who's Coming Home? A Profile of Returning Prisoners 3. The Origins and Evolution of Modern Parole 4. The Changing Nature of Parole Supervision and Services 5. How We Help: Preparing Inmates for Release 6. How We Hinder: Legal and Practical Barriers to Reintegration 7. Revolving Door Justice: Inmate Release and Recidivism 8. The Victim's Role in Prisoner Reentry 9. What to Do? Reforming Parole and Reentry Practices 10. Conclusions: When Punitive Policies Backfire Afterword

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Journal Article•DOI•

Release from Prison — A High Risk of Death for Former Inmates

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Ingrid A. Binswanger¹, Marc Stern², Richard A. Deyo³, Patrick J. Heagerty³, Allen Cheadle³, Joann G. Elmore³, Thomas D. Koepsell³ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (3)

Veterans Health Administration¹, Washington State Department of Transportation², University of Washington³

11 Jan 2007-The New England Journal of Medicine

TL;DR: Former prison inmates were at high risk for death after release from prison, particularly during the first 2 weeks, and interventions are necessary to reduce the risk of death after released from prison.

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Abstract: Background The U.S. population of former prison inmates is large and growing. The period immediately after release may be challenging for former inmates and may involve substantial health risks. We studied the risk of death among former inmates soon after their release from Washington State prisons. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all inmates released from the Washington State Department of Corrections from July 1999 through December 2003. Prison records were linked to the National Death Index. Data for comparison with Washington State residents were obtained from the Wide-ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research system of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mortality rates among former inmates were compared with those among other state residents with the use of indirect standardization and adjustment for age, sex, and race. Results Of 30,237 released inmates, 443 died during a mean follow-up period of 1.9 years. The overall mortality rate was 777 deaths per 100,000 person-years. The adjusted risk of death among former inmates was 3.5 times that among other state residents (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2 to 3.8). During the first 2 weeks after release, the risk of death among former inmates was 12.7 (95% CI, 9.2 to 17.4) times that among other state residents, with a markedly elevated relative risk of death from drug overdose (129; 95% CI, 89 to 186). The leading causes of death among former inmates were drug overdose, cardiovascular disease, homicide, and suicide. Conclusions Former prison inmates were at high risk for death after release from prison, particularly during the first 2 weeks. Interventions are necessary to reduce the risk of death after release from prison.

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1,317 citations

Book•DOI•

The growth of incarceration in the United States: exploring causes and consequences

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Jeremy Travis, Bruce Western, F. Stevens Redburn

01 Jan 2014

TL;DR: Part of the courts, criminal law, criminal procedure, criminology, Law and Society Commons, Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, Legislation Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons.

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Abstract: How does access to this work benefit you? Let us know! Follow this and additional works at: http://academicworks.cuny.edu/jj_pubs Part of the Courts Commons, Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Criminology Commons, Judges Commons, Law and Politics Commons, Law and Society Commons, Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, Legislation Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons

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916 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Incarceration and Stratification

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Sara Wakefield¹, Christopher Uggen•Institutions (1)

University of California, Irvine¹

08 Jul 2010-Review of Sociology

TL;DR: In the past three decades, incarceration has become an increasingly powerful force for reproducing and reinforcing social inequalities as discussed by the authors, and a new wave of sociological research details the contemporary experiment with mass incarceration in the United States and its attendant effects on social stratification.

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Abstract: In the past three decades, incarceration has become an increasingly powerful force for reproducing and reinforcing social inequalities. A new wave of sociological research details the contemporary experiment with mass incarceration in the United States and its attendant effects on social stratification. This review first describes the scope of imprisonment and the process of selection into prison. It then considers the implications of the prison boom for understanding inequalities in the labor market, educational attainment, health, families, and the intergenerational transmission of inequality. Social researchers have long understood selection into prison as a reflection of existing stratification processes. Today, research attention has shifted to the role of punishment in generating these inequalities.

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579 citations

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

...Petersilia (2003) and Clear (2007), among others, describe the spatial concentration of incarceration in predominately poor and African American communities....
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...Incarceration is typically experienced in a series of short spells, with people cycling back and forth from neighborhood to institution (Petersilia 2003)....
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...Although the past decade brought a renewed focus on the work, family, and housing challenges facing reentering prisoners, scholarship on interventions to overcome these challenges is only now emerging (Petersilia 2003, Travis 2005)....
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...Imprisonment may also have salutary effects on the neighborhoods from which inmates are removed (Petersilia 2003), may have direct benefits to the families of criminally involved men (Comfort 2008), and may even contribute to short-term earnings gains for some inmates (Kling 2006)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The `Chicken and Egg' of Subjective and Social Factors in Desistance from Crime

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Thomas P. LeBel¹, Ros Burnett², Shadd Maruna, Shawn D. Bushway³•Institutions (3)

University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee¹, University of Oxford², University at Albany, SUNY³

01 Apr 2008-European Journal of Criminology

TL;DR: In this paper, a prospective study of 130 male property offenders, interviewed in the 1990s (the Oxford Recidivism Study), and followed up 10 years later, showed that subjective states measured before release have a direct effect on recidivism as well as indirect effects through their impact on social circumstances experienced after release from prison.

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Abstract: It is now widely acknowledged that progression from persistent offending to desistance from crime is the outcome of a complex interaction between subjective/ agency factors and social/environmental factors. A methodological challenge for desistance researchers is to unravel the differential impacts of these internal and external factors and the sequence in which they come into play. Towards this, the present investigation draws on a prospective study of 130 male property offenders, interviewed in the 1990s (the Oxford Recidivism Study), and followed up 10 years later. The analysis supports a `subjective—social model' in which subjective states measured before release have a direct effect on recidivism as well as indirect effects through their impact on social circumstances experienced after release from prison.

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568 citations

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

...The social and structural challenges involved in the transition from prison to the community are well documented and widely known (see e.g. Lewis et al. 2003; Petersilia 2003; Social Exclusion Unit 2002; Travis et al. 2001)....
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...Dynamic social factors in the desistance/recidivism process The social and structural challenges involved in the transition from prison to the community are well documented and widely known (see e.g. Lewis et al. 2003; Petersilia 2003; Social Exclusion Unit 2002; Travis et al. 2001)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Children's antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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Joseph Murray¹, David P. Farrington¹, Ivana Sekol¹•Institutions (1)

University of Cambridge¹

09 Jan 2012-Psychological Bulletin

TL;DR: The most rigorous studies showed that parental incarceration is associated with higher risk for children's antisocial behavior, but not for mental health problems, drug use, or poor educational performance, while the methodological quality of many studies was poor.

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Abstract: Unprecedented numbers of children experience parental incarceration worldwide. Families and children of prisoners can experience multiple difficulties after parental incarceration, including traumatic separation, loneliness, stigma, confused explanations to children, unstable childcare arrangements, strained parenting, reduced income, and home, school, and neighborhood moves. Children of incarcerated parents often have multiple, stressful life events before parental incarceration. Theoretically, children with incarcerated parents may be at risk for a range of adverse behavioral outcomes. A systematic review was conducted to synthesize empirical evidence on associations between parental incarceration and children's later antisocial behavior, mental health problems, drug use, and educational performance. Results from 40 studies (including 7,374 children with incarcerated parents and 37,325 comparison children in 50 samples) were pooled in a meta-analysis. The most rigorous studies showed that parental incarceration is associated with higher risk for children's antisocial behavior, but not for mental health problems, drug use, or poor educational performance. Studies that controlled for parental criminality or children's antisocial behavior before parental incarceration had a pooled effect size of OR = 1.4 (p < .01), corresponding to about 10% increased risk for antisocial behavior among children with incarcerated parents, compared with peers. Effect sizes did not decrease with number of covariates controlled. However, the methodological quality of many studies was poor. More rigorous tests of the causal effects of parental incarceration are needed, using randomized designs and prospective longitudinal studies. Criminal justice reforms and national support systems might be needed to prevent harmful consequences of parental incarceration for children.

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557 citations

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

...These problems are exacerbated by stigma that reduces ex-prisoners’ chances of finding and keeping employment and housing (Pager, Western, & Sugie, 2009; Petersilia, 2003; Uggen, Wakefield, & Western, 2005)....
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...These include prohibition of the public identification of offenders, not only before conviction but also afterward (Petersilia, 2003, pp. 215–216; Walker, 1980), diversion of offenders away from courts to restorative justice conferences (Braithwaite, 1999; Sherman et al., 2005), and increased use…...
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...From the early 1990s, there has been large-scale cut-backs in prison vocational and education programs in the United States, as well as reduced parole supervision, which means that inmates are left more idle in prison and have fewer prospects for employment on release (Petersilia, 2003)....
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When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry

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